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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Jan 25.
Published in final edited form as: Lancet. 2009 Oct 3;374(9696):1196–1208. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61460-4

Table 4.

Studies of yearly changes in disabilities affecting activities of daily living in high-income countries

Region Age (years) Length of follow-up (years) Institutional population included Sample size Indicator Yearly change (age-adjusted) p value
1984–199651 USA 40–59 12 No NHIS Unable to attend to personal care needs: severe disability 1·20% ns
1984–199651 USA 40–59 12 No NHIS Unable to attend to or restricted in personal care needs: severe and moderate disability 1·62% 0·05
1997/98–2005/0649 USA 40–59 8 No NHIS ADL 2·17% 0·01
1997/98–2005/0649 USA 40–59 8 No NHIS IADL −0·97% ns
1984–199651 USA 60–69 12 No NHIS Unable to attend to personal care needs: severe disability −0·09% ns
1984–199651 USA 60–69 12 No NHIS Unable to attend to or restricted in personal care needs: severe and moderate disability −0·31% ns
1991/92–1996/9747 UK 65–69 5 Yes 689–687 IADL/ADL 6·80% 0·06
1987–200136 Netherlands >55 14 No 2708–3474 Men: ADL −4·57% 0·05
1987–200136 Netherlands >55 14 No 2708–3474 Women: ADL −4·29% 0·05
1993–199968 Spain >64 6 No 1283 ADL −9·54% 0·05
1980/81–1991/9281 France >65 11 No 5000 Being hampered or disabled −1·60% ··
1991/92–2002/0381 France >65 11 No 5000 Being hampered or disabled −5·50% ··
1982–199482 USA >65 12 Yes NLTCS ADL low disability levels −0·90% ··
1994–2004/0582 USA >65 10 Yes NLTCS ADL low disability levels −1·70% ··
1982–199482 USA >65 12 Yes NLTCS ADL high disability levels −1·40% ··
1994–2004/0582 USA >65 10 Yes NLTCS ADL high disability levels −2·40% ··
1986–199967 Spain >65 13 Part 750 192 men ADL and function −3·97% ··
1986–199967 Spain >65 13 Part 1 323 261 women ADL and function −3·29% ··
1986–199967 Spain >65 13 Part 750 192 Men: BADL 0·50% ··
1986–199967 Spain >65 13 Part 1 323 261 Women: BADL 1·92% ··
1993/95–2001/0380 Finland 65–84 8 Yes 1972–1905 Women: BADL −6·25% 0·05
1993/95–2001/0380 Finland 65–84 8 Yes 2021–1908 Men: BADL −5·13% 0·05
1993–200270 Japan >66 9 No 1786–2391 Any IADL/ADL −3·99% 0·00
1993–200270 Japan >66 9 No 1786–2391 Any limitation −1·94% 0·10
1988–200077 Europe >70 12 No 3496 Women: self-care disability −7·20% 0·03
1988–200077 Europe >70 12 No 3496 Men: self-care disability −2·60% 0·05
1982–200183 USA >70 19 Yes 7500–12 000 Difficulty, needs/receives help 1·0−2·5% ··
1982–200384 USA >70 21 No 178 384 (all waves) ADL/IADL −1·38% 0·01
1995–200485 USA >75 9 No 23 229 (all waves) ADL −1·46% 0·01
1995–200485 USA >75 9 No 23 229 (all waves) IADL 1·06% ns
1992–200237 Sweden >77 10 Yes 537–561 IADL −0·70% ns
1992–200237 Sweden >77 10 Yes 537–561 ADL 0·70% ns
1977–199969 USA 79–88 22 No 177–174 Women: ADL and function −2·43% 0·00
1977–199969 USA 79–88 22 No 103–119 Men: ADL and function −2·10% 0·00
1895 cohort vs 1905 cohort79 Denmark >100 10 Yes 162–189 Women: BADL −1·19% 0·01
1895 cohort vs 1905 cohort79 Denmark >100 10 Yes 45–36 Men: BADL 0·61% ns

Calculation of yearly change based on prevalences: (last year–first year)/first year/number of years in follow-up x100. Calculation of yearly change based on odds ratio: −(1−OR)/number of years in follow-up x100. Positive values show an increase in disability. Negative values show a reduction in disability. NHIS=National Health Interview Survey. ns=not significant. ADL=activities of daily living. IADL=instrumental activities of daily living. NLTCS=National Long Term Care Survey. BADL=basic activities of daily living.