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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Jan 25.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Res. 2004 Sep 3;95(5):459–470. doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000141146.95728.da

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Model for TGF-β/BMP signaling in the initiation of EMT. Type III TGF-β receptor (TGF β-RIII) presents TGF-β2 to TGFβ-RII in the developing heart valve. TGF-β signaling acts through snail/slug transcription factors, and may decrease the expression of VE-cadherin. Receptors ALK3 and BMP-RII have both been shown to be crucial for valve development; BMPs in the developing valve may therefore signal through these receptors. Smad6 antagonizes the interaction of Smad1 with Smad4, thereby decreasing BMP signaling. Synergy between TGF-β and BMP signaling in cardiac cushion explants has been shown to facilitate EMT.