Table 1.
In vivo models employed for discovery of neuroprotective and neurorestorative agents
| Stroke (focal ischemia) |
| Rat, mouse, cat or monkey temporary MCAO-microclip or intraluminal suture for 30 min to 2 h |
| Rat or mouse permanent MCAO-electrocoagulation or intraluminal suture |
| Cardiac arrest/resuscitation (transient global ischemia) |
| Rat 2-vessel (bilateral carotid) occlusion plus hypotension for 5–30 min |
| Rat 4-vessel occlusion for 5–30 min (permanent bilateral vertebral artery electocoagulation followed 24 h later with transient bilateral carotid occlusion) |
| Gerbil bilateral carotid occlusion for 5–15 min |
| Swine or canine cardiac arrest/resuscitation model with varying duration of arrest |
| Hemorrhagic stroke models (SAH or ICH) |
| Rabbit, cat or dog intra-cisterna magna injection of autologous blood |
| Rat intracranial injection of autologous blood via dorsolateral cranial burr hole |
| Monkey SAH via surgical placement of autologous blood clot around base of MCA |
| Rat striatal ICH |
| TBI |
| Diffuse |
| Rat or mouse fluid percussion – can be combined with hypotension or hypoxia |
| Rat impact acceleration – can be combined with hypotension or hypoxia |
| Mouse weight drop |
| Pig or primate rotational acceleration (nonimpact) |
| Focal |
| Rat or mouse controlled cortical impact |
| Axonal |
| Mouse optic nerve stretch |
| Subdural hematoma |
| Rat intracranial injection of autologous blood via dorsolateral cranial burr hole (same as SAH model) |
| SCI |
| Weight drop contusion |
| Wrathall device and model |
| Rat New York University (MASCIS) device and model |
| Rat Ohio State University (ESCID) device and model |
| Rat or mouse University of Kentucky (Infinite Horizons) device and model |
| Compression |
| Rat aneurysm clip compression (Fehlings and Tator model) |
| Cat weight compression (Anderson model) |
| Combination contusion and compression |
| Rat contusion followed by placement of Teflon wedges underneath vertebrae |
| Ischemic injury |
| Rabbit balloon in descending aorta inflated transiently above level of lumbar spinal arteries |
| Rat laser photoablation (Rose Bengal dye intravenously) |
| Excitotoxic injury |
| Kainic, quisqualic or ibotinic acid or dynorphin spinal cord microinjection |
| Regeneration models |
| Spinal cord transection, resection or hemisection |
| Dorsal rhizotomy |