Immunohistochemical analysis of α-SMA expression (FITC). Wild-type (A), Smad3-/- (B), TGF-β1/Smad3+/+ (C, E), and TGF-β1/Smad3-/- (D, F) lenses are shown. Red arrows: subcapsular plaques. Expression of α- SMA was detected in the subcapsular plaques of the TGF-β1/Smad3+/+ and TGF-β1/Smad3-/- lenses. However, there was less α-SMA immunoreactivity detected in TGF-β1/Smad3-/- lenses. Both the wild-type and Smad3-/- lenses showed no expression of α-SMA in the lens and normal expression in the iris (positive control). Scale bars: (A-D) 100 μm; (E, F) 50 μm.