Table 3.
High-carbohydrate meal | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moderate CARD subjects (n = 18) | Strict CARD subjects (n = 13) | P* | |||||||
Baseline | 30 min | 60 min | 120 min | Baseline | 30 min | 60 min | 120 min | ||
Glucose (mg/dl) | 129 ± 18 | 214 ± 34 | 229 ± 35 | 213 ± 39 | 142 ± 20 | 223 ± 33 | 245 ± 42 | 227 ± 48 | 0.13 |
Insulin (μIU/ml) | 6.2 ± 4.6 | 24.2 ± 13.4 | 36.3 ± 26.4 | 37.3 ± 30.8 | 6.2 ± 2.2 | 18.2 ± 7.3 | 29.9 ± 13.2 | 30.8 ± 13.6 | 0.51 |
BHB (μmol/l) | 80 ± 55 | 33 ± 14 | 25 ± 7 | 17 ± 4 | 231 ± 169 | 104 ± 89 | 53 ± 39 | 29 ± 14 | 0.001 |
Acetoacetate(μmol/l) | 22.5 ± 13.8 | 13.8 ± 5.3 | 13.5 ± 5.6 | 15.4 ± 4.1 | 60.2 ± 40.5 | 32.9 ± 25.4 | 24.3 ± 14.3 | 21.5 ± 7.9 | 0.001 |
FFAs (mEq/l) | 0.50 ± 0.15 | 0.35 ± 0.13 | 0.24 ± 0.10 | 0.11 ± 0.04 | 0.69 ± 0.29 | 0.44 ± 0.14 | 0.31 ± 0.16 | 0.14 ± 0.07 | 0.06 |
Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 94 ± 41 | 101 ± 41 | 103 ± 40 | 107 ± 43 | 108 ± 59 | 109 ± 48 | 106 ± 47 | 95 ± 44 | 0.014 |
Low-carbohydrate meal | |||||||||
Moderate CARD subjects (n = 18) | Strict CARD subjects (n = 13) | P* | |||||||
Baseline | 30 min | 60 min | 120 min | Baseline | 30 min | 60 min | 120 min | ||
Glucose (mg/dl) | 135 ± 23 | 137 ± 25 | 139 ± 25 | 137 ± 25 | 144 ± 19 | 151 ± 16 | 151 ± 19 | 149 ± 16 | 0.35 |
Insulin (μIU/ml) | 7.1 ± 5.7 | 10.9 ± 7.8 | 12.7 ± 9.3 | 11.7 ± 8.8 | 5.5 ± 2.4 | 9.6 ± 3.3 | 10.1 ± 3.1 | 10.9 ± 5.2 | 0.67 |
BHB (μmol/l) | 56 ± 30 | 51 ± 19 | 59 ± 23 | 78 ± 32 | 232 ± 247 | 187 ± 195 | 174 ± 211 | 179 ± 139 | 0.012 |
Acetoacetate (μmol/l) | 17.4 ± 9.1 | 20.6 ± 8.0 | 27.1 ± 11.0 | 42.1 ± 22.0 | 56.5 ± 44.6 | 63.9 ± 57.9 | 69.0 ± 67.1 | 84.4 ± 51.2 | 0.95 |
FFAs (mEq/l) | 0.52 ± 0.21 | 0.46 ± 0.22 | 0.46 ± 0.22 | 0.54 ± 0.21 | 0.63 ± 0.32 | 0.50 ± 0.15 | 0.52 ± 0.19 | 0.59 ± 0.14 | 0.53 |
Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 95 ± 35 | 103 ± 36 | 125 ± 44 | 169 ± 62 | 77 ± 30 | 83 ± 27 | 108 ± 42 | 152 ± 71 | 0.89 |
Values are means ± SD. CARD: carbohydrate-reduced diet, BHB: β-hydroxybutyrate, FFAs: free fatty acids.
*: P for the difference in the time course between the moderate and strict CARD subjects.