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. 2010 Jan 26;5(1):e8878. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008878

Table 1. Trait correlations with non-native status.

Non-native vs. Native Invasive vs. Native Non-native non-invasive vs. Native Invasive vs. Non-native non-invasive
traits n1 n2 n3 β-coefficient β-coefficient β-coefficient β-coefficient
Change in abundance (1900–2006) 260 69 15 1.26±0.10*** 2.39±0.20*** 1.03±0.73*** 1.56±0.30***
Flower diameter 372 129 34 0.07±0.02** 0.02±0.04 0.08±0.02*** −0.06±0.04
Flowering time shift (1851–2006) 245 52 8 −3.11±1.01** 9.98±2.64*** −4.12±1.00*** 10.89±3.74**
Flowering time shift (1900–2006) 245 65 11 0.60±0.84 11.04±2.04*** −0.70±0.87 9.07±3.25*
Flowering time tracking 126 25 5 −0.11±0.03*** −0.18±0.07** −0.10±0.03*** −0.11±0.07
Habit (herb v. woody) 256 97 23 0.004±0.01 0.01±0.02 0.003±0.01 0.01±0.01
Height at maturity 336 80 16 −0.02±0.03 0.08±0.07 −0.03±0.03 0.09±0.06
Leaf mass per area 53 39 11 0.01±0.03 0.01±0.03 0.07±0.05 0.02±0.04
Seed weight 275 123 31 0.10±0.05† 0.03±0.10 0.11±0.06* −0.07±0.09
Syndrome (insect v wind) 385 136 35 −0.01±0.01 0.002±0.02 −0.01±0.01 0.002±0.02
Non-native Status 385 136 35
Invasive Status 385 136 35

Trait correlations between groups were tested using general estimator equations (GEE). Results shown here are robust to branch length estimates and phylogenetic uncertainty (see also Table S1). β-coefficients describe the direction and magnitude of the difference between groups. For example, a β-coefficient of -0.11 for flowering time tracking indicates that non-natives have a significantly greater negative correlation between flowering time and seasonal temperature variation than natives. Standard error of β-coefficients provided. n = sample size of 1) natives, 2) non-native non-invasives and 3) invasives. † P<0.07; * P<0.05; ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001.