Table 1. Trait correlations with non-native status.

				Non-native vs. Native	Invasive vs. Native	Non-native non-invasive vs. Native	Invasive vs. Non-native non-invasive
traits	n1	n2	n3	β-coefficient	β-coefficient	β-coefficient	β-coefficient
Change in abundance (1900–2006)	260	69	15	1.26±0.10***	2.39±0.20***	1.03±0.73***	1.56±0.30***
Flower diameter	372	129	34	0.07±0.02**	0.02±0.04	0.08±0.02***	−0.06±0.04
Flowering time shift (1851–2006)	245	52	8	−3.11±1.01**	9.98±2.64***	−4.12±1.00***	10.89±3.74**
Flowering time shift (1900–2006)	245	65	11	0.60±0.84	11.04±2.04***	−0.70±0.87	9.07±3.25*
Flowering time tracking	126	25	5	−0.11±0.03***	−0.18±0.07**	−0.10±0.03***	−0.11±0.07
Habit (herb v. woody)	256	97	23	0.004±0.01	0.01±0.02	0.003±0.01	0.01±0.01
Height at maturity	336	80	16	−0.02±0.03	0.08±0.07	−0.03±0.03	0.09±0.06
Leaf mass per area	53	39	11	0.01±0.03	0.01±0.03	0.07±0.05	0.02±0.04
Seed weight	275	123	31	0.10±0.05†	0.03±0.10	0.11±0.06*	−0.07±0.09
Syndrome (insect v wind)	385	136	35	−0.01±0.01	0.002±0.02	−0.01±0.01	0.002±0.02
Non-native Status	385	136	35	–	–	–	–
Invasive Status	385	136	35	–	–	–	–

Trait correlations between groups were tested using general estimator equations (GEE). Results shown here are robust to branch length estimates and phylogenetic uncertainty (see also Table S1). β-coefficients describe the direction and magnitude of the difference between groups. For example, a β-coefficient of -0.11 for flowering time tracking indicates that non-natives have a significantly greater negative correlation between flowering time and seasonal temperature variation than natives. Standard error of β-coefficients provided. n = sample size of 1) natives, 2) non-native non-invasives and 3) invasives. † P<0.07; * P<0.05; ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001.