Table 1. Trait correlations with non-native status.
Non-native vs. Native | Invasive vs. Native | Non-native non-invasive vs. Native | Invasive vs. Non-native non-invasive | ||||
traits | n1 | n2 | n3 | β-coefficient | β-coefficient | β-coefficient | β-coefficient |
Change in abundance (1900–2006) | 260 | 69 | 15 | 1.26±0.10*** | 2.39±0.20*** | 1.03±0.73*** | 1.56±0.30*** |
Flower diameter | 372 | 129 | 34 | 0.07±0.02** | 0.02±0.04 | 0.08±0.02*** | −0.06±0.04 |
Flowering time shift (1851–2006) | 245 | 52 | 8 | −3.11±1.01** | 9.98±2.64*** | −4.12±1.00*** | 10.89±3.74** |
Flowering time shift (1900–2006) | 245 | 65 | 11 | 0.60±0.84 | 11.04±2.04*** | −0.70±0.87 | 9.07±3.25* |
Flowering time tracking | 126 | 25 | 5 | −0.11±0.03*** | −0.18±0.07** | −0.10±0.03*** | −0.11±0.07 |
Habit (herb v. woody) | 256 | 97 | 23 | 0.004±0.01 | 0.01±0.02 | 0.003±0.01 | 0.01±0.01 |
Height at maturity | 336 | 80 | 16 | −0.02±0.03 | 0.08±0.07 | −0.03±0.03 | 0.09±0.06 |
Leaf mass per area | 53 | 39 | 11 | 0.01±0.03 | 0.01±0.03 | 0.07±0.05 | 0.02±0.04 |
Seed weight | 275 | 123 | 31 | 0.10±0.05† | 0.03±0.10 | 0.11±0.06* | −0.07±0.09 |
Syndrome (insect v wind) | 385 | 136 | 35 | −0.01±0.01 | 0.002±0.02 | −0.01±0.01 | 0.002±0.02 |
Non-native Status | 385 | 136 | 35 | – | – | – | – |
Invasive Status | 385 | 136 | 35 | – | – | – | – |
Trait correlations between groups were tested using general estimator equations (GEE). Results shown here are robust to branch length estimates and phylogenetic uncertainty (see also Table S1). β-coefficients describe the direction and magnitude of the difference between groups. For example, a β-coefficient of -0.11 for flowering time tracking indicates that non-natives have a significantly greater negative correlation between flowering time and seasonal temperature variation than natives. Standard error of β-coefficients provided. n = sample size of 1) natives, 2) non-native non-invasives and 3) invasives. † P<0.07; * P<0.05; ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001.