Table 1.
Main characteristics of participants by race/ethnicity
| Variable | Asian (n = 101) |
White (n = 71) |
Mixed, Asian/White (n = 132) |
Mixed, part-Polynesian (n = 134) |
All girls (n = 438) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at first visit (years) | |||||
| 9–10 | 28 (28%) | 24 (34%) | 43 (33%) | 31 (23%) | 126 (29%) |
| 11–12 | 23 (23%) | 19 (27%) | 34 (26%) | 33 (25%) | 109 (25%) |
| 13–14 | 36 (36%) | 25 (35%) | 37 (28%) | 47 (35%) | 145 (33%) |
| 15–16 | 12 (12%) | 2 (3%) | 12 (9%) | 21 (16%) | 47 (11%) |
| 17–18 | 2 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 6 (5%) | 2 (1%) | 11 (3%) |
| Median (IQR) | 13.0 (10.9–13.8) | 12.4 (10.3–13.8) | 12.7 (10.6–13.8) | 13.2 (11.2–14.1) | 12.8 (10.8–13.9) |
| Years of mother’s educationa | |||||
| ≤12 | 6 (9%) | 7 (15%) | 20 (21%) | 31 (33%) | 64 (21%) |
| 13–15 | 23 (33%) | 11 (24%) | 30 (31%) | 29 (31%) | 93 (30%) |
| ≥16 | 41 (59%) | 28 (61%) | 46 (48%) | 34 (36%) | 149 (49%) |
| Median (IQR) | 16 (15–17) | 16 (14–18) | 15 (13–17) | 14 (12–16) | 15 (13–17) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | |||||
| <64 .25 | 59 (58%) | 39 (55%) | 71 (54%) | 49 (37%) | 218 (50%) |
| ≥64 .25 | 42 (42%) | 32 (45%) | 61 (46%) | 85 (63%) | 220 (50%) |
| Median (IQR) | 62.6 (58.4–66.9) | 63.4 (58.3–68.9) | 62.9 (58.9–70.5) | 67.2 (61.4–74.2) | 64.0 (59.0–70.1) |
| Trunk to peripheral fat ratiob | |||||
| <1.0 | 42 (60%) | 36 (77%) | 51 (54%) | 46 (49%) | 175 (57%) |
| ≥1.0 | 28 (40%) | 11 (23%) | 44 (46%) | 48 (51%) | 131 (43%) |
| Body mass index-for-agec | |||||
| Underweight (<5th percentile) | 11 (11%) | 5 (7%) | 14 (11%) | 2 (1%) | 32 (7%) |
| Healthy weight (5th–84th) | 76 (75%) | 53 (75%) | 82 (62%) | 87 (65%) | 298 (68%) |
| Overweight (85th–94th) | 8 (8%) | 6 (8%) | 20 (15%) | 20 (15%) | 54 (12%) |
| Obese (≥95th) | 6 (6%) | 7 (10%) | 16 (12%) | 25 (19%) | 54 (12%) |
| Physical activityd | |||||
| Not active (<42 MET h/wk) | 59 (60%) | 29 (41%) | 66 (50%) | 56 (42%) | 210 (49%) |
| Active (≥42 MET h/wk) | 39 (40%) | 42 (59%) | 65 (50%) | 76 (58%) | 222 (51%) |
| Median METs (IQR) | 31 (15–66) | 51 (33–84) | 40 (19–74) | 50 (26–89) | 45 (21–79) |
| Average daily energy intake (kcal)e | |||||
| Mean (± standard deviation) | 1,715 (± 389) | 1,823 (± 464) | 1,784 (± 554) | 1,750 (± 513) | 1,764 ± 492 |
| Average daily protein as a percent of energye | |||||
| Mean (± standard deviation) | 20 ± 8 | 20 ± 10 | 22 ± 10 | 22 ± 11 | 21 ± 10 |
30% of subjects missing mother’s education: Asian = 31 (31%); White = 25 (35%); Mixed Asian/White = 36 (27%); Mixed part-Polynesian = 40 (30%)
30% of subjects missing central obesity (trunk-to-peripheral fat ratio) information: Asian = 31 (31%); White = 24 (34%); Mixed Asian/White = 37 (28%); Mixed part-Polynesian = 40 (30%)
Body mass index-for-age percentiles developed by the National Center for Health Statistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000)
1% of subjects missing physical activity: Asian = 3 (3%); White = 0 (0%); Mixed Asian/White = 1 (1%); Mixed part-Polynesian = 2 (1%); categories based on the 2001 international recommendations for youth to have 60 min/day moderate-to-vigorous activity [48]
3% of subjects missing information on diet: Asian = 4 (4%); White = 2 (3%); Mixed Asian/White = 6 (5%); Mixed part-Polynesian = 2 (1%)