Table 2.

Information Sources Used in Simulation Model for Cardiovascular Health Outcomes

Topic	Source
Population size, growth, and aging, and health care coverage	US Census
Rates of cardiovascular events and deaths	Reports from American Heart Association (23) and National Institutes of Health (12)
Prevalence rates of smoking, obesity, and chronic disorders, and rates of diagnosis and control of chronic disorders	National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1988-1994 and 1999-2004
Fraction of 18-year-olds who smoke, are obese, or have chronic disorders	NHANES, Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
Prevalence of psychosocial stress	Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
Access to and use of good nutrition, physical activity, and primary care	BRFSS
Rates of smoking cessation	Mendez et al (24), Sloan et al (25)
Rates of people moving from obese to nonobese	Homer et al (26)
Trend in fraction of workplaces allowing smoking	Surgeon General's report (11)
Trend in small particulate matter (PM 2.5) air pollution	Dominici et al (9)
Average quality of primary care	Asch et al (27)
Medical costs, sick days, and years of life lost due to CVD events and deaths	Social Security actuarial life tables, Haddix et al (22), Russell et al (28), Sasser et al (29)
Noncardiovascular medical costs and sick days due to smoking, obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure	Linked files of Medical Examination Panel Survey, National Health Interview Survey
Noncardiovascular mortality and years of life lost due to smoking, obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Morbidity, and Economic Costs (SAMMEC), World Health Organization Statistical Information System, Flegal et al (30), American Diabetes Association (31), Clausen et al (32)