Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics and Frequency of Sustained Tobacco Cessation Among Women Who Reported Current Tobacco Use at WIHS Baseline and Remained in Study Follow-Up After 10 Years
| Baseline characteristics | N (%) at Baseline | % Reporting tobacco cessation | % Annual cessation (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 747 (100) | 16 | 1.8 (1.6–2.1) | ||
| Study center | Washington DC | 90 (12) | 12 | 1.3 (0.6–2.1) | 1.00 |
| Bronx | 195 (26) | 16 | 1.8 (1.2–2.4) | 1.41 (0.68–2.94) | |
| Brooklyn | 121 (16) | 14 | 1.6 (0.9–2.2) | 1.17 (0.52–2.65) | |
| Los Angeles | 102 (14) | 24 | 2.7 (1.7–3.5) | 2.21 (1.01–4.82) | |
| San Francisco | 139 (19) | 14 | 1.6 (0.9–2.2) | 1.14 (0.51–2.52) | |
| Chicago | 100 (13) | 18 | 2.0 (1.2–2.8) | 1.58 (0.70–3.55) | |
| HIV status | Infected | 537 (74) | 16 | 1.8 (1.5–2.2) | 1.00 |
| Uninfected | 210 (26) | 16 | 1.8 (1.2–2.3) | 1.05 (0.68–1.63) | |
| Age (years) | 18–30 | 156(21) | 16 | 1.8 (1.1–2.4) | 1.00 |
| 31–40 | 378 (51) | 18 | 2.0 (1.5–2.4) | 0.90 (0.68–1.19) | |
| 41–62 | 213 (29) | 14 | 1.6 (1.0–2.0) | 0.81 (0.46–1.41) | |
| p trend = 0.46 | |||||
| Ethnicity and race | Non-Hispanic Black | 456 (61) | 13 | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 1.00 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 108 (14) | 19 | 2.1 (1.2–2.9) | 1.47 (0.85–2.57) | |
| Hispanic | 165 (22) | 22 | 2.4 (1.8–3.2) | 1.87 (1.19–2.95) | |
| Education level | Less than high school | 304 (41) | 13 | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | 1.00 |
| High school graduate | 244 (33) | 17 | 1.9 (1.3–2.4) | 1.33 (1.05–1.69) | |
| Beyond high school | 199 (27) | 21 | 2.3 (1.7–2.9) | 1.76 (1.09–2.85) | |
| p trend = 0.02 | |||||
| Marital status | Separated/divorced/widowed | 206 (28) | 17 | 1.9 (1.3–2.5) | 1.00 |
| Married/cohabitating | 280 (37) | 17 | 1.9 (1.4–2.4) | 1.01 (0.63–1.63) | |
| Single/never married | 253 (34) | 15 | 1.7 (1.1–2.1) | 0.84 (0.51–1.39) | |
| Residential housing | Unstable | 216 (29) | 13 | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | 1.00 |
| Stable | 531 (71) | 17 | 1.9 (1.6–2.3) | 1.35 (0.86–2.12) | |
| Employment status | Unemployed | 621 (83) | 16 | 1.8 (1.4–2.1) | 1.00 |
| Employed | 125 (17) | 19 | 2.1 (1.4–2.9) | 1.28 (0.78–2.11) | |
| Health insurance status | Uninsured | 167 (22) | 13 | 1.4 (0.8–2.0) | 1.00 |
| Insured | 575 (77) | 17 | 1.9 (1.6–2.3) | 1.46 (0.88–2.43) | |
| Income | ≤$12,000 | 505 (68) | 15 | 1.7 (1.4–2.1) | 1.00 |
| >$12,000 | 203 (27) | 17 | 1.9 (1.3–2.4) | 1.10 (0.71–1.71) | |
| Having a usual source of medical care | No | 108 (15) | 13 | 1.4 (0.7–2.1) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 634 (85) | 17 | 1.9 (1.6–2.2) | 1.36 (0.75–2.48) | |
| Hospitalized in past 6 months | No | 600 (80) | 17 | 1.9 (1.6–2.2) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 146 (20) | 13 | 1.4 (0.8–2.1) | 0.73 (0.43–1.04) | |
| CESD score | <16 | 310 (41) | 19 | 2.1 (1.7–2.6) | 1.00 |
| ≥16 | 422 (56) | 14 | 1.6 (1.2–2.0) | 0.70 (0.48–1.04) | |
| Heavy alcohol use | Never | 282 (38) | 18 | 2.0 (1.5–2.6) | 1.00 |
| Former | 351 (47) | 15 | 1.7 (1.3–2.1) | 0.82 (0.61–1.10) | |
| Current | 97 (13) | 13 | 1.4 (0.7–2.2) | 0.67 (0.37–1.22) | |
| p trend = 0.19 | |||||
| Marijuana use | Never | 117 (16) | 17 | 1.9 (1.1–2.7) | 1.00 |
| Former | 394 (53) | 16 | 1.8 (1.4–2.2) | 0.97 (0.73–1.30) | |
| Current | 236 (32) | 16 | 1.8 (1.3–2.3) | 0.95 (0.53–1.69) | |
| p trend = 0.85 | |||||
| Crack, cocaine, or heroin use | Never | 118 (16) | 26 | 2.9 (2.0–3.8) | 1.00 |
| Former | 319 (43) | 18 | 2.0 (1.5–2.5) | 0.58 (0.44–0.76) | |
| Current | 310 (41) | 11 | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) | 0.33 (0.19–0.57) | |
| p trend < 0.001 | |||||
| IV drugs use | Never | 378 (51) | 17 | 1.9 (1.5–2.4) | 1.00 |
| Former | 260 (35) | 17 | 1.9 (1.4–2.4) | 0.80 (0.60–1.06) | |
| Current | 109 (15) | 10 | 1.1 (0.5–1.8) | 0.64 (0.36–1.12) | |
| p trend = 0.12 | |||||
| Average number of cigarettes/day | ≤10 | 443 (59) | 20 | 2.2 (1.8–2.6) | 1.00 |
| 11–20 | 247 (33) | 12 | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 0.51 (0.35–0.74) | |
| ≥20 | 56 (8) | 5 | 0.6 (0.0–1.3) | 0.26 (0.12–0.54) | |
| p trend = 0.003 | |||||
| Number of years since beginning smoking | 0–5 | 78 (10) | 27 | 3.0 (1.9–4.1) | 1.00 |
| 6–10 | 107 (14) | 22 | 2.4 (1.6–3.4) | 0.81 (0.71–0.92) | |
| 11–15 | 152 (20) | 15 | 1.7 (1.0–2.3) | 0.65 (0.51–0.84) | |
| 16–20 | 170 (23) | 12 | 1.3 (0.8–1.9) | 0.53 (0.36–0.77) | |
| 21–25 | 122 (16) | 17 | 1.9 (1.2–2.7) | 0.43 (0.26–0.71) | |
| ≥26 | 118 (16) | 9 | 1.0 (0.5–1.6) | 0.34 (0.18–0.65) | |
| p trend = 0.001 | |||||