Table 2.

Risk factors for extubation complications

Outcome measure	Study	Year	Risk factors
Laryngeal injury	Colice and colleagues [2]	1989	Persistent laryngeal neuromotor activity, tracheostomy
	Kastanos and colleagues [17]	1983	Severe respiratory failure, high cuff pressure, duration of endotracheal intubation, secretion infection
	Esteller and colleagues [19]	2005	Longer duration of intubation, tracheostomy, number of days in the intensive care unit
Laryngeal edema	Darmon and colleagues [4]	1992	Duration of intubation (>36 hours), gender (female)
	Francois and colleagues [6]	2007	Trauma at admission, gender (female), short duration of intubation (<7 days), smaller height to tube diameter ratio, absence of methylprednisolone pre treatment
Post-extubation stridor	Cheng and colleagues [3]	2006	Gender (female), lower Glasgow coma score, nonsedation treatment
	Sandhu and colleagues [26]	2000	Duration of intubation (>3 days)
	Daley and colleagues [9]	1996	Tracheostomy, time to reintubation
	Ho and colleagues [7]	1996	Gender (female)
	Jaber and colleagues [30]	2003	High SAPS II, medical patients, difficult intubation, history of self-extubation, prolonged intubation, high cuff pressure
	Kriner and colleagues [8]	2005	Gender (female), duration of intubation (>6 days), ratio tube size to laryngeal size >45%
	Wang and colleagues [14]	2007	Gender (female)
	Maury and colleagues [25]	2004	Gender (female)
	Erginel and colleagues [15]	2005	Duration of ventilation (>5 days), body mass index (>26.5)
Reintubation	Daley and colleagues [9]	1996	Tracheostomy, post-extubation stridor
	Jaber and colleagues [30]	2003	Post-extubation stridor
	Epstein and colleagues [1]	1997	APACHE II score, age, cardiopulmonary cause for reintubation
	Sandhu and colleagues [26]	2000	Duration of previous intubation (>3 days)

APACHE, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; SAPS, Simplified Acute Physiology Score.