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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Jan 27.
Published in final edited form as: Schizophr Res. 2001 Apr 15;49(1-2):1–52. doi: 10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00163-3

Table 1.

Summary of MR studies seporting positive and negative findings in schizophenia (Table is updated form shenton et al. 1997); McCarley et al. (1999b). Studies are cited by first author/year; ‘asym’ following year indicates finding was of asymmetry differences; Planum Temporale citations were mainly of asymmetry differences and ‘asym’ is therefore not used as a qualifier; STG = superior temporal gyrus; GM = gray matter; WM = White matter)

Brain Region %+ %− N+ N− Total N References
Whole Brain 22 78 11 39 50 + [Andreasen et al., 1990, 1994a; Gur et al., 1994, 1998b, 1999; Jernigan et al., 1991; Nasrallah et al., 1990; Rajarethinam et al., 2000; Sanfilipo et al., 2000a; Staal et al., 1998; Whitworth et al., 1998]
−[Barta et al., 1990; Bilder et al., 1994; Blackwood et al., 1991; Breier et al., 1992; Buchanan et al., 1993, 1998; Cannon et al., 1998; Colombo et al., 1993; Dauphinais et al., 1990, DeLisi et al., 1991, 1992; Flaum et al., 1995; Goldstein et al., 1999; Harvey et al., 1993; Hazlett et al., 1999; Hirayasu et al., 1998, 2000; Johnstone et al., 1989; Kawasaki et al., 1993; Kelsoe et al., 1988; Keshavan et al., 1998a, 1998b; Lawrie et al., 1999; Marsh et al., 1994, 1999; Meisenzahl et al., 1999; Nopoulos et al., 1995, 1999; Reite et al., 1997; Rossi et al., 1990, 1994a; Schlaepfer et al., 1994; Shenton et al., 1992; Stefanis et al., 1999; Sullivan et al., 1998; Velakoulis et al., 1999; Vita et al., 1995; Zipursky et al., 1992, 1997]
Lateral Ventricles 80 20 44 11 55 + [Andreasen et al., 1990, 1994a; Barr et al., 1997; Becker, 1990a; Bogerts, 1990a; Bornstein et al., 1992; Buchsbaum et al., 1997; Cannon et al., 1998; Corey-Bloom et al., 1995; Dauphinais et al., 1990; Degreef et al., 1990, 1992a; DeLisi et al., 1991; DeLisi et al., 1992; Egan et al., 1994; Flaum et al., 1995; Gur et al., 1994; Harvey et al., 1993; Johnstone et al., 1989; Kawasaki et al., 1993; Kelsoe et al., 1988; Lauriello et al., 1997; Lim et al., 1996; Marsh et al., 1994, 1997, 1999; McNeil et al., 2000; Narr et al., 2000; Nasrallah et al., 1990; Nieman et al., 2000a; Nopoulos et al., 1995; Rossi et al., 1988; Roy et al., 1998a; Sanfilipo et al., 2000a; Staal et al., 2000; Stratta et al., 1989; Suddath et al., 1989, 1990; Sullivan et al., 1998; Symonds et al., 1999; Vita et al., 1995; Whitworth et al., 1998; Zipursky et al., 1998a]
−[Blackwood et al., 1991; Colombo et al., 1993; Hoff et al., 1992; Jernigan et al., 1991; Lawrie et al., 1999; Rossi et al., 1990, 1994a; Schwartz et al., 1992; Schwarzkopf et al., 1990; Shenton et al., 1991, 1992]
Third Ventricles 73 27 24 9 33 + [Becker et al., 1996; Bornstein et al., 1992; Dauphinais et al., 1990; Degreef et al., 1990, 1992a; Egan et al., 1994; Flaum et al., 1995; Kelsoe et al., 1988; Lauriello et al., 1997; Lawrie et al., 1999; Lim et al., 1996; Marsh et al., 1994, 1997; McNeil et al., 2000; Meisenzahl et al., 1999; Narr et al., 2000; Nasrallah et al., 1990; Pearlson et al., 1997b; Rossi et al., 1994a; Sanfilipo et al., 2000a; Schwarzkopf et al., 1990; Staal et al., 2000; Sullivan et al., 1998; Woodruff et al., 1997b]
−[Andreasen et al., 1990; Barta et al., 1990; Colombo et al., 1993; DeLisi et al., 1991; Roy et al., 1998; Schwartz et al., 1992; Shenton et al., 1992; Suddath et al., 1990; Zipursky et al., 1992]
Fourth Ventricles 20 80 1 4 5 + [Keshavan et al., 1998b]
−[Lawrie et al., 1999; Rossi et al., 1988; Shenton et al., 1992; Stratta et al., 1989]
Temporal Lobe TL - - 137
Whole TL 61 39 31 20 51 + [Andreasen et al., 1994a; Barta et al., 1990; Becker et al., 1996; Bilder et al., 1999asym; Bogerts et al., 1990; Bryant et al., 1999; Cannon et al., 1998; Dauphinais et al., 1990; DeLisi et al., 1991; Di Michele et al., 1992; Egan et al., 1994; Gur et al., 1998b; Harvey et al., 1993; Jernigan et al., 1991; Johnstone et al., 1989; Kikinis et al., 1994b; Marsh et al., 1997, 1999; Nopoulos et al., 1999; Rossi et al., 1988, 1989a, 1990, 1991; Sanfilipo et al., 2000b; Suddath et al., 1989, 1990; Sullivan et al., 1998; Turetsky, 1995; Woodruff et al., 1997b; Woods et al., 1996; Zipursky et al., 1992]
−[Altshuler et al., 1998; Becker et al., 1990; Bilder et al., 1994asym; Blackwood et al., 1991; Colombo et al., 1993; DeLisi et al., 1992; Flaum et al., 1995; Havermans et al., 1999; Hoff et al., 1992; Kawasaki et al., 1993; Kelsoe et al., 1988; Lawrie et al., 1999; Niemann et al., 2000; Nopoulos et al., 1995; Pearlson et al., 1997b; Raine et al., 1992; Roy et al., 1998; Shenton et al., 1992; Swayze et al., 1992; Vita et al., 1995]
Medial TL 74 26 36 13 49 + [Altshuler et al., 1998; Barta et al., 1990, 1997b; Becker et al., 1990, 1996; Blackwood et al., 1991asym; Bogerts et al., 1990; Bogerts et al., 1993b; Breier et al., 1992; Bryant et al., 1999; Buchanan et al., 1993; Copolov et al., 2000; Dauphinais et al., 1990; DeLisi et al., 1998; Egan et al., 1994; Flaum et al., 1995; Fukuzako et al., 1996a, 1997; Gur et al., 2000a; Hirayasu et al., 1998; Jernigan et al., 1991; Kawasaki et al., 1993; Lawrie et al., 1999; Marsh et al., 1994; McNeil et al., 2000; Ohnuma et al., 1997; Pearlson et al., 1997b; Razi et al., 1999; Rossi et al., 1994a; Shenton et al., 1992; Stefanis et al., 1999; Suddath et al., 1989, 1990; Velakoulis et al., 1999; Whitworth et al., 1998; Woodruff et al., 1997b]
− [Colombo et al., 1993; Corey-Bloom et al., 1995; Deicken et al., 1999; DeLisi et al., 1991; Harvey et al., 1993; Havermans et al., 1999; Marsh et al., 1997; Marsh et al., 1999; Niemann et al., 2000; Sanfilipo et al., 2000b; Staal et al., 2000; Swayze et al., 1992; Zipursky et al., 1994]
STG GM 100 0 12 0 12 + [Gur et al., 2000a; Hajek et al., 1997; Hirayasu et al., 1998; Holinger et al., 1999; Keshavan et al., 1998b; Marsh et al., 1999; Menon et al., 1995; Sanfilipo et al., 2000b; Schlaepfer et al., 1994; Shenton et al., 1992; Sullivan et al., 1998; Zipursky et al., 1994]
−[None]
STG (GM & WM) 67 33 10 5 15 + [Barta et al., 1990; Barta et al., 1997b; Bryant et al., 1999; Flaum et al., 1995; Keshavan et al., 1998b; Marsh et al., 1997; Pearlson et al., 1997b; Rajarethinam et al., 2000; Reite et al., 1997; Tune et al., 1996]
−[Havermans et al., 1999; Kulynych et al., 1996; Roy et al., 1998; Vita et al., 1995; Woodruff et al., 1997b]
Planum Temporale 60 40 6 4 10 + [Barta et al., 1997a; DeLisi et al., 1994; Hirayasu et al., 2000; Kwon et al., 1999; Petty et al., 1995; Rossi et al., 1992]
−[Frangou et al., 1997; Kleinschmidt et al., 1994; Kulynych et al., 1995; Rossi et al., 1994b]
Frontal Lobe 60 40 30 20 50 +[Andreasen et al., 1994a; Bilder et al., 1994, 1999asym; Breier et al., 1992; Buchanan et al., 1993, 1998; Bryant et al., 1999; Cannon et al., 1998; Goldstein et al., 1999; Gur et al., 1998b; Gur et al., 2000b; Harvey et al., 1993; Jernigan et al., 1991; Marsh et al., 1999; Nopoulos et al., 1995, 1999; Ohnuma et al., 1997; Raine et al., 1992; Rossi et al., 1988; Sanfilipo et al., 2000b; Schlaepfer et al., 1994; Staal et al., 2000; Stratta et al., 1989; Sullivan et al., 1998; Szeszko et al., 1999asym; Turetsky, 1995; Woodruff et al., 1997b; Woods et al., 1996; Zipursky et al., 1992, 1994]
−[Andreasen et al., 1990; Baaré et al., 1999; Blackwood et al., 1991; Corey-Bloom et al., 1995; DeLisi et al., 1991; Egan et al., 1994; Hirayasu et al., 1999; Kawasaki et al., 1993; Kelsoe et al., 1988; Kikinis et al., 1994b; Lawrie et al., 1999; Nasrallah et al., 1990; Noga et al., 1995; Rossi et al., 1990; Shenton et al., 1992; Suddath et al., 1989, 1990; Vita et al., 1995; Wible et al., 1995, 1997]
Parietal Lobe 60 40 9 6 15 + [Andreasen et al., 1994a; Bilder et al., 1994, 1999asym; Frederikse et al., 2000; Goldstein et al., 1999; Marsh et al., 1999; Niznikiewicz et al., 2000; Schlaepfer et al., 1994; Zipursky et al., 1994]
−[Egan et al., 1994; Jernigan et al., 1991; Nopoulos et al., 1995, 1999; Sullivan et al., 1998; Zipursky et al., 1992]
Occipital Lobe 44 56 4 5 9 + [Andreasen et al., 1994a; Bilder et al., 1994, 1999asym; Zipursky et al., 1992]
Otherc - - 89 −[Jernigan et al., 1991; Nopoulos et al., 1995, 1999; Schlaepfer et al., 1994; Sullivan et al., 1998]
Cerebellum 31 69 4 9 13 + [Andreasen et al., 1994a; Breier et al., 1992; DeLisi et al., 1997d; Levitt et al., 1999]
− [Coffman et al., 1989; Flaum et al., 1995; Goldstein et al., 1999; Keshavan et al., 1998b; Mathew and Partain, 1985a; Nopoulos et al., 1999e; Rossi et al., 1993; Staal et al., 2000; Uematsu and Kaiya, 1989]
Basal Ganglia 68 32 17 8 25 + [Breier et al., 1992; Bryant et al., 1999; Buchanan et al., 1993; Chakos et al., 1994, 1995; Corson et al., 1999a; Elkashef et al., 1994; Gur et al., 1998a; Hokama et al., 1995; Jernigan et al., 1991; Keshavan et al., 1995, 1998a; Mion et al., 1991; Ohnuma et al., 1997; Shihabuddin et al., 1998; Staal et al., 2000; Swayze et al., 1992]
−[Blackwood et al., 1991; Corey-Bloom et al., 1995; DeLisi et al., 1991; Flaum et al., 1995; Kelsoe et al., 1988; Lawrie et al., 1999; Rossi et al., 1994a; Symonds et al., 1999]
Thalamus 42 58 5 7 12 + [Andreasen et al., 1990, 1994b; Buchsbaum et al., 1996; Flaum et al., 1995; Gur et al., 1998a; Staal et al., 1998]
−[Arciniegas et al., 1999; Corey-Bloom et al., 1995; Hazlett et al., 1999; Lawrie et al., 1999; Portas et al., 1998; Symonds et al., 1999]
Corpus Callosum 63 37 17 10 27 + [Casanova et al., 1990; DeLisi et al., 1997e; DeQuardo et al., 1996, 1999; Downhill et al., 2000; Gunther et al., 1991; Hoff et al., 1994; Lewine et al., 1990; Narr et al., 2000; Nasrallah et al., 1986; Raine et al., 1990; Rossi et al., 1988, 1989b; Stratta et al., 1989; Tibbo et al., 1998; Uematsu and Kaiya, 1988; Woodruff et al., 1993]
−[Blackwood et al., 1991; Chua et al., 2000; Colombo et al., 1994; Guenther et al., 1989; Hauser et al., 1989; Kawasaki et al., 1993; Kelsoe et al., 1988; Meisenzahl, 1999f; Sachdev and Brodaty, 1999; Woodruff et al., 1997a]
Cavum Septi
Pellucidi g 		92 8 11 1 12 + [Degreef et al., 1992b; c; DeLisi et al., 1993; Jurjus et al., 1993; Kwon et al., 1998; Mathew et al., 1985b; Nopoulos et al., 1996, 1997; Scott et al., 1993; Shioiri et al., 1996; Uematsu and Kaiya, 1989]
−[Fukuzako et al., 1996b]
a

Temporal Horn only.

b

Measure of temporal and frontal lobe gyri.

c

Two categories were not included in the table because of the small number of studies, i.e. olfactory bulb volume reduction in schizophrenia (Turetsky et al., 2000) and adhesio interthlamica where one study reported volume reduction in schizophrenia (Snyder et al., 1998) and the other did not (Meisenzahl et al., 2000).

d

Delisi et al. (1997) compared rates of change over time and reported in schizophrenics increased left lateral ventricle, no difference for whole TL or hippocampus, but differences in the cerebellum and in corpus callosum; because all of these finding except cerebellar and corpus callosum changes were reported earlier, we cite here only the new findings.

e

Total cerebellar volume was not reduced in schizophrenia but area of anterior lobe of vermis was reduced.

f

n = 5 schizophrenic patients with a family history of schizophrenia had smaller corpus callosum and smaller brain volume than sporadic schizophrenics or controls.

g

Finding (+/−) not based on area, length, or volume measures.