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. 2009 Jul 30;10(8):3371–3399. doi: 10.3390/ijms10083371

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© 2009 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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Scheme 2. — Main steps of the phenylpropanoid pathway leading to benzoic acids, hydroxycinnamates (coumaric, ferulic and sinapic acids) and lignin, (CA4H, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase; C3H, coumarate-3-hydroxylase; CAD, cinnamyl alcohol dehydro-genase CCR, cinnamoyl: CoA reductase; CL, 4-Coumarate: CoA ligase; PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase.