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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2010 Jan;11(1):63.

Figure 1. The three stages of the addiction cycle and the criteria for substance dependence.

Figure 1

There are three stages in the addiction cycle: binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect and preoccupation/anticipation; these stages are defined from a psychiatric perspective, with different criteria for substance dependence incorporated from the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) [92].

(Adapted with permission from The American Association for the Advancement of Science and Koob GF, Le Moal M: Drug abuse: Hedonic homeostatic dysregulation. Science (1997) 278(5335):52-58. © 1997 The American Association for the Advancement of Science)