Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Jan 28.
Published in final edited form as: Presence (Camb). 2008 Oct 1;17(5):463. doi: 10.1162/pres.17.5.463

Figure 9.

Figure 9

Needle insertion and simulation modeling: (a) Probing for estimation of material properties of phantom tissue. (b) 17 gauge epidural needle inserted into phantom tissue while motion of markers and insertion forces are recorded. (c) FE simulation of needle insertion with small target embedded within elastic tissue (DiMaio & Salcudean, 2003a). Images printed with permission from ©IEEE 2003.