Table 1. Baseline Characteristics by Diabetic Status.
| Variable | Diabetes Mellitus |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n=285) |
No (n=702) |
||
| Age (years) | 64.8 ± 9.8 | 67.6 ± 10.4 | <0.001 |
| Female | 48.8 % | 38.0 % | 0.002 |
| Non-white | 16.5 % | 12.8 % | 0.13 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.8 ± 7.3 | 27.7 ± 5.5 | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 55.1 ± 7.9 | 55.6 ± 8.2 | 0.37 |
| Heart Rate (beats per minute) | 77.7 ± 12.4 | 75.0 ± 11.7 | 0.002 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 141.4 ± 21.8 | 136.0 ± 20.9 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 76.5 ± 12.0 | 77.0 ± 11.1 | 0.58 |
| Brachial pulse pressure (mm Hg) | 64.8 ± 18.5 | 59.0 ± 18.1 | <0.001 |
| Signs and/or symptoms of HF | |||
| Rales | 74.7 % | 73.2 % | 0.62 |
| Elevated jugular venous pressure | 50.5 % | 46.3 % | 0. 23 |
| Peripheral edema | 69.5 % | 55.0 % | <0.001 |
| S3 | 31.9 % | 33.5 % | 0.64 |
| Radiologic evidence of pulmonary congestion |
68.4 % | 60.0 % | 0.01 |
| Cardiothoracic ratio | 0.52 ± 0.08 | 0.52 ± 0.08 | 0.50 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/minute/1.73m2) |
60.0 ± 20.8 | 62.4 ± 20.4 | 0.09 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 0.007 |
| Ischemic heart failure etiology | 64.6 % | 53.1 % | 0.001 |
| New York Heart Association Class | 24.2 % | 21.1 % | 0.29 |
| III-IV | |||
| Prior myocardial infarction | 54.4 % | 47.6 % | 0.05 |
| Current angina | 33.7 % | 28.2 % | 0.09 |
| Hypertension | 70.9 % | 55.1 % | <0.001 |
| Previous digoxin use | 32.0 % | 36.6 % | 0.17 |
| Medication | |||
| Non-potassium sparing diuretic | 81.8 % | 73.7 % | 0.007 |
| Potassium-sparing diuretic | 7.4 % | 8.3 % | 0.64 |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme. inhibitors |
88.8 % | 85.2 % | 0.14 |
| Nitrates | 44.6 % | 37.3 % | 0.04 |
| Digoxin | 47.4 % | 50.7 % | 0.34 |
Continuous variables are presented as means ± standard deviations; categorical variables presented as percentages.