Table 3.
Twelve-month comorbidity (odds-ratios) of DSM-IV/CIDI MDE with other 12-month DSM-IV/CIDI disorders by age1
| Age Groups |
Age difference3 |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Ages | 18-34 | 35-49 | 50-64 | 65+ | % | OR | ||||||
| %2(se) | OR2(CI) | %2(se) | OR2(CI) | %2(se) | OR2(CI) | %2(se) | OR2(CI) | %2(se) | OR2(CI) | χ23 | ||
| I. Mood disorders | ||||||||||||
| Dysthymic disorder | 25.4 (1.7) | 161.9*(81.7-321.0) | 17.4 (2.4) | 131.5*(35.1-492.8) | 29.4 (3.2) | 135.7*(63.4-290.5) | 34.1 (3.6) | 154.5*(46.4-514.7) | 26.9 (7.8) | −(−,−)4 | 15.3* | 3.0 |
| Bipolar disorder | 18.7 (1.5) | 16.0*(11.7-21.9) | 20.0 (2.4) | 9.8*(6.9-13.8) | 19.2 (2.3) | 16.1*(9.2-28.2) | 17.0 (2.8) | 30.3*(15.5-59.1) | 11.4 (6.5) | 42.3*(10.4-171.1) | 1.3 | 10.4* |
| Any other mood disorder | 37.3 (1.9) | 36.4*(27.0-49.1) | 32.3 (3.0) | 18.0*(12.1-26.8) | 40.3 (3.4) | 37.8*(24.7-57.9) | 42.0 (3.7) | 71.3*(40.0-126.9) | 36.6 (8.7) | 197.4*(51.6-755.4) | 5.9 | 35.9* |
| II. Anxiety disorders | ||||||||||||
| Panic disorder | 14.6 (1.6) | 9.1*(6.5-12.7) | 12.1 (1.9) | 5.2*(3.1-8.8) | 15.2 (2.8) | 8.3*(4.7-14.6) | 19.8 (4.1) | 16.1*(8.3-31.1) | 10.3 (4.4) | 18.7*(5.4-64.9) | 4.3 | 11.0* |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 24.5 (1.4) | 14.0*(11.5-17.2) | 18.6 (2.1) | 10.3*(6.6-16.2) | 26.6 (2.2) | 11.1*(8.1-15.2) | 31.4 (4.0) | 17.3*(9.7-31.1) | 28.9 (6.6) | 31.4*(13.2-74.6) | 3.5 | 8.7* |
| Agoraphobia without panic | 3.4 (0.8) | 5.1*(2.9-9.1) | 3.1 (1.0) | 4.9*(2.1-11.9) | 3.5 (1.6) | 3.1(0.9-10.6) | 4.9 (1.9) | 9.8*(3.7-26.2) | 0(0.0) | −(−,−)5 | 0.5 | 1.9 |
| Specific Phobia | 28.2 (2.2) | 4.6*(3.6-5.8) | 28.2 (3.1) | 3.8*(2.6-5.6) | 27.8 (3.3) | 3.9*(2.8-5.5) | 32.9 (4.0) | 5.7*(3.9-8.4) | 13.9 (4.9) | 2.6*(1.1-6.3) | 10.0* | 3.3 |
| Social Phobia | 27.9 (1.7) | 6.6*(5.4-8.1) | 26.8 (2.2) | 4.9*(3.4-6.9) | 34.1 (3.8) | 7.3*(5.3-10.2) | 19.5 (3.9) | 5.0*(3.1-8.0) | 25.3 (7.3) | 12.3*(4.0-37.8) | 7.9* | 6.5 |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | 17.0 (1.6) | 7.4*(5.5-10.0) | 16.4 (1.9) | 6.3*(3.9-10.0) | 16.2 (1.9) | 5.2*(3.5-7.9) | 22.0 (4.1) | 8.1*(4.6-14.3) | 7.2 (4.0) | 36.0*(5.1-253.3) | 9.3* | 3.9 |
| Adult separation anxiety disorder | 10.5 (1.1) | 9.4*(6.2-14.4) | 14.7 (2.1) | 6.8*(3.8-12.4) | 10.8 (1.6) | 9.0*(5.1-15.9) | 4.1 (2.0) | 10.3*(2.1-50.1) | 0(0.0) | −(−,−)6 | 4.4 | 0.9 |
| Any anxiety disorder | 64.2 (1.8) | 9.4*(8.1-11.0) | 61.9 (2.6) | 7.1*(5.3-9.4) | 67.9 (2.7) | 8.7*(6.4-11.9) | 63.4 (3.4) | 9.8*(7.0-13.5) | 59.2 (10.6) | 16.7*(6.3-44.3) | 3.0 | 5.8 |
| III. Substance disorders | ||||||||||||
| Alcohol abuse | 8.7 (1.3) | 3.6*(2.6-5.0) | 10.9 (2.2) | 2.3*(1.5-3.7) | 10.4 (2.5) | 4.2*(2.3-7.7) | 3.3 (1.5) | 7.7*(2.8-21.2) | 0(0.0) | −(−,−)6 | 3.9 | 7.3* |
| Alcohol abuse with dependence | 5.6 (1.1) | 6.1*(3.7-10.0) | 7.0 (2.0) | 4.6*(2.5-8.2) | 7.1 (2.0) | 6.0*(2.7-13.3) | 1.5 (0.9) | 6.8*(1.4-32.5) | 0(0.0) | −(−,−)6 | 6.3* | 0.7 |
| Drug abuse | 4.6 (1.0) | 4.6*(2.9-7.5) | 5.6 (1.4) | 2.2*(1.2-4.1) | 5.9 (1.9) | 13.5*(5.6-32.4) | 1.5 (0.9) | 15.8*(1.9-129.4) | 0(0.0) | −(−,−)6 | 2.9 | 16.1* |
| Drug abuse with dependence | 2.4 (0.7) | 10.4*(4.7-23.0) | 2.9 (1.1) | 4.6*(1.8-11.7) | 3.0 (1.5) | 37.9*(6.7-215.5) | 1.1 (0.8) | −(−,−)7 | 0(0.0) | −(−,−)6 | 0.8 | 32.1* |
| Any substance use disorder | 10.7 (1.5) | 3.7*(2.8-5.1) | 13.3 (2.4) | 2.2*(1.4-3.5) | 12.9 (2.8) | 5.1*(3.1-8.5) | 4.2 (1.7) | 8.0*(3.2-20.1) | 0(0.0) | −(−,−)6 | 5.2 | 11.6* |
| IV. Impulse-control disorders | ||||||||||||
| Intermittent explosive disorder | 14.7 (1.8) | 5.1*(3.7-7.0) | 18.7 (2.7) | 3.6*(2.6-5.2) | 16.6 (2.7) | 5.9*(3.5-10.0) | 5.9 (1.5) | 3.9*(2.0-7.5) | 5.7 (4.4) | 13.1(0.9-180.6) | 27.0* | 4.6 |
| V. Number of comorbid disorders | ||||||||||||
| Any | 75.8 (1.6) | 12.3*(10.5-14.5) | 76.0 (2.3) | 8.4*(6.4-11.0) | 79.2 (2.4) | 13.0*(9.2-18.2) | 72.8 (2.9) | 13.5*(9.6-19.0) | 61.7 (10.5) | 17.1*(6.3-46.2) | 8.3* | 8.0* |
| One8 | 25.6 (2.2) | 6.3*(5.1-7.9) | 29.3 (3.2) | 5.2*(3.8-7.2) | 25.5 (3.3) | 6.9*(4.6-10.2) | 20.5 (4.4) | 5.2*(3.0-9.0) | 17.6 (6.3) | 6.3*(2.0-19.9) | 6.4 | 1.6 |
| Two8 | 17.6 (1.6) | 13.0*(10.1-16.9) | 15.7 (2.9) | 7.4*(4.7-11.7) | 19.2 (2.5) | 13.1*(8.2-20.8) | 16.5 (3.5) | 18.5*(9.6-35.6) | 25.8 (6.3) | 58.3*(17.2-196.8) | 2.5 | 25.1* |
| Three or more8 | 32.6 (1.8) | 45.6*(35.8-58.0) | 30.9 (2.6) | 27.6*(18.6-40.8) | 34.5 (3.2) | 40.7*(25.8-64.4) | 35.8 (4.4) | 72.2*(43.2-120.6) | 18.3 (6.2) | 78.2*(8.6-712.1) | 8.8* | 9.9* |
| (n) | (9282) | (3033) | (2865) | (1922) | (1461) | |||||||
Significant at the .05 level, two-sided test
The results in this table are based on a series of multivariate logistic regression equations in which a dichotomous predictor for a single 12-month comorbid disorder was used to predict a dichotomous measure of 12-month MDE controlling for respondent sex, education and marital status.
Entries in the % columns represent the conditional prevalence estimate (and standard error of that estimate) of each comorbid disorder among respondents with 12-month MDE. Entries in the OR columns represent the odds-ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) of the OR between MDE and the comorbid disorder estimated in the logistic regression equation.
The χ2 tests in the Age Differences columns test the statistical significance of age differences in conditional prevalence of the comorbid disorders among respondents with MDE (%) and of the ORs between MDE and the comorbid disorders (OR). The tests are 2 degree of freedom tests in the case of the disorders where prevalence in the 65+ sub-sample was zero (agoraphobia, adult separation anxiety disorder, and substance disorders).
Among respondents in the 65+ age group, 13 cases with MDE had dysthymia, but only 1 case among those without MDE had dysthymia, resulting in a lack of convergence in the ,multivariate model. The OR would have been much larger than in the younger age groups, though, if it has converged.
Among respondents in the 65+ age group, none of those with MDE had agoraphobia compared to five without MDE who had agoraphobia. This means that the OR is effectively 0.0 in this age group.
Among respondents in the 65+ age group, none of those either with or without MDE had this disorder.
Among respondents in the 50-64 age group, only 2 cases with MDE had drug abuse, while none of those without MDE had drug abuse.
The ORs associated with number of comorbid disorders are based on a single equation in each age group to predict 12-month MDE from three dichotomies for one, two, and three or more comorbid disorders in comparison to the contrast category of no such disorders. As with the other equations, controls were included for sex, education and marital status