Fig. 4.

Schematic representation of Experiment 4 by Urcelay and Miller (2009), who used rats in a Pavlovian fear-conditioning preparation. They administered negative patterning pretraining (which is solved using a configural [nonlinear; 1 + 1 = 0] solution) using auditory and visual stimuli and subsequently overshadowing in which the immediate reinforcement of a compound typically results in decreased behavioral control by one of the elements. Negative patterning pretraining (i.e., a configural problem) decreased subsequent elemental learning to different stimuli. The use of stimuli of both auditory and visual modalities during Phase 1 and only auditory stimuli during Phase 2 precludes any interpretation of the results in terms of stimulus generalization. Each phase of training was commenced 24 h after the end of the previous phase, and the test was administered at least 72 h after training