Table 2.

Summary of Unconditional and Moderated Intervention Effects in Studies Using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale

		HADS - anxiety				HADS - depression
	k	F	τ2	ES	95% CI	F	τ2	ES	95% CI
Overall intervention effect	27		2.58	−1.96	−2.64/−1.28		1.36	−1.32	−1.83/−0.81
Moderated intervention effects
Pre-intervention HADS scores		24.52***	1.18			22.04***	0.66
Slope (increment per scale-point)	27			−0.53	−0.74/−0.32			−0.48	−0.68/−0.28
Targeted at distressed patients		5.72*	1.99			8.92**	0.95
Targeted intervention	4			−3.63	−5.12/−2.13			−2.94	−4.09/−1.79
Not targeted	23			−1.66	−2.30/−1.03			−1.05	−1.50/−0.60
Type of intervention		0.01	2.58			1.07	1.31
CBT	14			−1.99	−2.90/−1.08			−1.57	−2.26/−0.89
Non-CBT	13			−1.93	−2.84/−1.02			−1.08	−1.74/−0.41
Mode of delivery (setting)		6.86**	1.59			4.86**	0.95
Individual	11			−3.19	−4.03/−2.34			−2.19	−2.89/−1.49
Group	12			−1.13	−1.90/−0.36			−0.87	−1.47/−0.26
Self-administered	4			−1.25	−2.57/+0.07			−0.65	−1.68/+0.38
Number of sessions (dose)		0.25	2.54			0.08	1.34
<4 sessions	7			−2.35	−3.60/−1.09			−1.30	−2.26/−0.35
4–6 sessions	8			−1.80	−2.98/−0.62			−1.47	−2.35/−0.59
>6 sessions	12			−1.84	−2.79/−0.88			−1.23	−1.96/−0.51

Note. HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; CBT = Cognitive Behavioral Treatment; ES = Raw effect size; CI = Confidence interval; k = number of studies. Values were derived from unconditional random effects models and conditional mixed-effects models, τ² is the between-study variance in each model;

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01;

^***p < .001.