Table 3.
Relationship of Severity of Urine Leakage with Quality of Life by Gender Adjusting for Race/Ethnicity and Other Covariates
| Mental Health | Physical Health | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quality of Life | Men | Women | Men | Women | ||||||||
| β | 95% CI | p* | β | 95% CI | p* | β | 95% CI | p* | β | 95% CI | p* | |
| Urine leakage severity | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | 0.05 | ||||||||
| No urine leakage | Ref | . | Ref | . | Ref | . | Ref | . | ||||
| Mild | −1.56 | −3.52, 0.40 | −2.19 | −3.65, −0.73 | −1.99 | −3.52, −0.46 | −1.13 | −2.37, 0.12 | ||||
| Moderate | −3.64 | −6.27, −1.02 | −3.16 | −5.33, −1.00 | −3.11 | −5.85, −0.38 | −1.06 | −2.98, 0.86 | ||||
| Severe | −5.93 | −9.96, −1.90 | −4.78 | −9.24, −0.32 | −7.05 | −10.87, −3.23 | −3.05 | −5.66, −0.44 | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | 0.52 | 0.74 | 0.19 | 0.73 | ||||||||
| Black | 0.02 | −1.50, 1.55 | 0.59 | −0.94, 2.11 | −1.03 | −2.14, 0.08 | 0.29 | −0.80, 1.37 | ||||
| Hispanic | 0.79 | −0.84, 2.41 | 0.13 | −1.88, 2.14 | −0.54 | −1.65, 0.57 | −0.26 | −1.79, 1.27 | ||||
| White | Ref | . | Ref | . | Ref | . | Ref | . | ||||
| Age group | <.001 | <.001 | 0.44 | <.001 | ||||||||
| 30–39y | Ref | . | Ref | . | Ref | . | Ref | . | ||||
| 40–49y | 0.25 | −1.42, 1.92 | 0.79 | −0.92, 2.50 | −0.75 | −1.94, 0.44 | −2.56 | −3.77, −1.36 | ||||
| 50–59y | 1.24 | −0.75, 3.23 | 2.37 | 0.81, 3.93 | 0.09 | −1.24, 1.41 | −1.29 | −2.34, −0.25 | ||||
| 60–69y | 5.81 | 3.58, 8.05 | 4.00 | 1.98, 6.01 | 0.14 | −1.52, 1.81 | −1.38 | −3.10, 0.33 | ||||
| 70–79y | 6.70 | 3.98, 9.43 | 5.78 | 3.65, 7.91 | −1.36 | −3.56, 0.84 | −0.47 | −2.17, 1.23 | ||||
| Socioeconomic status | 0.46 | 0.002 | <.001 | 0.07 | ||||||||
| Low | −0.91 | −2.81, 0.99 | −3.49 | −5.40, −1.58 | −3.30 | −4.63, −1.98 | −0.84 | −2.43, 0.75 | ||||
| Medium | −0.02 | −1.78, 1.73 | −1.63 | −2.95, −0.31 | −1.11 | −2.07, −0.15 | 0.44 | −0.82, 1.69 | ||||
| High | Ref | . | Ref | . | Ref | . | Ref | . | ||||
| Heart disease | −3.22 | −5.27, −1.18 | 0.002 | −3.47 | −5.68, −1.27 | 0.002 | −4.20 | −6.19, −2.20 | <.001 | −1.19 | −3.17, 0.79 | 0.24 |
| Asthma | −0.49 | −2.09, 1.11 | 0.55 | −1.99 | −3.68, −0.31 | 0.02 | −0.55 | −1.62, 0.52 | 0.31 | −2.92 | −4.26, −1.58 | <.001 |
| Arthritis | −1.88 | −3.22, −0.54 | 0.006 | −0.45 | −1.85, 0.96 | 0.53 | −4.75 | −6.05, −3.45 | <.001 | −6.09 | −7.36, −4.83 | <.001 |
| Depressive symptoms | −2.49 | −4.56, −0.42 | 0.02 | −1.60 | −2.94, −0.26 | 0.02 | ||||||
| Vascular diseases | −4.94 | −7.19, −2.68 | <.001 | −3.31 | −5.15, −1.48 | <.001 | ||||||
| Chronic lung disease | −2.07 | −4.02, −0.12 | 0.04 | −1.83 | −3.68, 0.01 | 0.05 | ||||||
| Diabetes | −2.81 | −5.99, 0.38 | 0.08 | −2.22 | −4.29, −0.15 | 0.04 | −1.01 | −2.99, 0.97 | 0.32 | −2.03 | −3.88, −0.17 | 0.03 |
| High blood pressure | −1.33 | −2.44, −0.21 | 0.02 | −1.10 | −2.34, 0.14 | 0.08 | ||||||
| Alcohol intake (drinks/day) | 0.01 | 0.57 | 0.03 | 0.006 | ||||||||
| None | Ref | . | Ref | . | Ref | . | Ref | . | ||||
| <1 | −1.62 | −3.12, −0.11 | 0.82 | −0.64, 2.29 | 1.44 | 0.22, 2.66 | 1.42 | 0.39, 2.44 | ||||
| 1–2.9 | −0.08 | −1.54, 1.37 | 0.85 | −1.23, 2.93 | 1.67 | 0.43, 2.90 | 2.11 | 0.54, 3.68 | ||||
| 3+ | −2.79 | −4.38, −0.74 | 2.19 | −1.59, 5.97 | 2.19 | 0.60, 3.77 | 2.89 | 0.76, 5.03 | ||||
| Smoking status | 0.01 | <.001 | 0.02 | 0.09 | ||||||||
| Never | Ref | . | Ref | . | Ref | . | Ref | . | ||||
| Former | −1.08 | −2.78, 0.62 | −0.28 | −1.57, 1.02 | −0.85 | −1.92, 0.23 | −0.54 | −1.78, 0.69 | ||||
| Current | −2.17 | −3.60, −0.74 | −3.08 | −4.73, −1.43 | −1.84 | −3.10, −0.59 | −1.38 | −2.62, −0.15 | ||||
| Physical activity | <.001 | 0.19 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||||||
| Low | Ref | . | Ref | . | Ref | . | Ref | . | ||||
| Medium | 3.03 | 1.44, 4.62 | 1.34 | −0.11, 2.79 | 3.10 | 1.69, 4.51 | 4.69 | 3.53, 5.86 | ||||
| High | 4.85 | 3.11, 6.58 | 1.31 | −0.61, 3.23 | 4.74 | 3.26, 6.22 | 6.99 | 5.38, 8.60 | ||||
| Waist circumference, cm | −0.07 | −0.13, −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.08 | −0.12, −0.05 | <.001 | ||||||
*
p-values are from F tests for the relationship between the covariate and quality of life CI: Confidence Interval Ref: Referent