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Schematic of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in plants. IPP, isopentenyl pyrophosphate; IPI, IPP isomerase; GGPP, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate; GGPS, GGPP synthase; PSY, phytoene synthase; PDS, phytoene desaturase; Z-ISO, 15-cis-ζ-CRTISO; ZDS, ζ-carotene desaturase; CRTISO, carotenoid isomerase; LCYE, lycopene ϵ-cyclase; LCYB, lycopene β-cyclase; CHYE, ϵ-ring hydroxylase; CHYB, β-ring hydroxylase, ZEP, zeaxanthin epoxidase; VDE, violaxanthin deepoxidase; NSY, neoxanthin synthase.
