Fig. 1. Tissue-specific role of estrogen in various organs and immune cells after trauma-hemorrhage.
Protective effects of estrogen after trauma-hemorrhage are mediated via ER-α in the liver, Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, splenic macrophages, and splenic T cells, and via ER-β in the heart and lung. Tissue-specific effect of estrogen is not found in the small intestine.