Table 1. Demographic Characteristics by Study Group.
| Study Group (%) | P-values* | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | ESP (n=266) |
ES (n=298) |
C (n=344) |
Comparison Category | ESP vs ES | ESP vs C | ES vs C |
| Maternal age | |||||||
| 15-21 years | 29% | 42% | 24% | age >21 | 0.004 | 0.41 | 0.0001 |
| 22-25 years | 25 | 18 | 24 | ||||
| 26-30 years | 18 | 20 | 27 | ||||
| 31-44 years | 29 | 20 | 24 | ||||
| Maternal race | |||||||
| White | 29 | 45 | 65 | not white | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 |
| Black | 16 | 9 | 4 | not black | 0.03 | 0.0001 | 0.03 |
| Hispanic | 32 | 24 | 11 | ||||
| Asian | 9 | 4 | 3 | ||||
| Other | 14 | 18 | 17 | ||||
| Married/partner | 59 | 60 | 75 | Not married | 0.92 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 |
| Education (≤ high school) |
47 | 45 | 31 | > H.S. | 0.89 | 0.0001 | 0.002 |
| Annual income (< $25,000) |
36 | 44 | 25 | ≥ $25,000 | 0.24 | 0.01 | 0.0001 |
| Smoked prepregnancy | 56 | 64 | 45 | No smoking | 0.17 | 0.008 | 0.0001 |
| Smoked since pregnancy | 29 | 34 | 23 | No smoking | 0.37 | 0.26 | 0.003 |
| Positive urine screen† | 18 | 18 | None | All negative | 0.99 | --- | --- |
ESP, Early Start Plus; ES, Early Start; C, Control
*
Based on pair-wise comparisons using Fisher exact test, as computed by the MULTEST procedure in SAS
†
For one or more of the following: Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, methamphetamines, amphetamines, opiates, PCP, THC.