TABLE 1.

INTERVENTIONS TO ENHANCE COGNITIVE RESERVE

Activity	Evidence	Web Resources
Physical and social activities Regular exercise at least twice per week for at least 15 minutes per session Reduced periods of inactivity (such as long periods of watching television), which increase cognitive decline Social networking with children, family, and friends Going to the movies, restaurants, clubs, centers, or sporting events Productive activity such as daily gardening, housework, cooking, and doing volunteer work	Laurin et al. (2001); Lindstrom et al. (2005); Newson & Kemps (2006); Rovio et al. (2005); Simons et al. (2006); Verghese et al. (2003); Wang et al. (2002); Yang et al. (2008) (delirium specific)	AARP: 10 Steps to an Optimal Memory http://www.aarp.org/health/conditions/articles/harvard__improving-memory-understanding-age-related-memory-loss_6.html Alzheimer Society of Canada: Healthy Brain http://www.alzheimer.ca/english/brain/brain_intro.htm Alzheimer’s Association: Brain Health http://www.alz.org/we_can_help_brain_health_maintain_your_brain.asp
Cognitive stimulation Leisure activities such as reading books and newspapers, writing for pleasure, doing crosswords and puzzles, playing card and board games, playing musical instruments Pursuing further education in early life to midlife	Ball et al. (2002); Lyketsos et al. (1999); Verghese et al. (2003); Wilson et al. (2002)	About Memory: Mental Stimulation http://www.memory-key.com/Seniors/stimulation.htm American Geriatrics Society: Aging in the Know http://www.healthinaging.org/agingintheknow/default.asp Hospital Elder Life Program (HELP) http://elderlife.med.yale.edu/public/interventions.php?pageid=01.03.04 Keep Your Brain Alive http://www.neurobics.com/index.html Posit Science http://www.positscience.com
Avoiding anticholinergic and potentially inappropriate medication use Providing older adults with a list of medications to avoid because the risks outweigh the benefits, and safer alternatives exist Providing prescribers and health professionals with tools to identify anticholinergic and inappropriate medication use to distribute with patient handouts	Fick et al. (2003); Hshieh et al. (2008); Rudolph et al. (2008)	Duke University’s Potentially Inappropriate Medications for the Elderly According to the Revised Beers Criteria http://www.dcri.duke.edu/ccge/curtis/beers.html IPRO’s Decreasing Anticholinergic Drugs in the Elderly Project http://providers.ipro.org/index/pres-drug-plan-prescribers