Table 4.
Radiation dose to children by age at exposure from diagnostic examination
| Type of Examination | Dose Quantity 1 | Radiation Dose to Children (by Age at Exposure) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 year | 1 year | 5 year | 10 year | 15 year | Adults | ||
| Radiography a | |||||||
| Skull AP | ESD (mGy) | - | 0.60 | 1.25 | - | - | 2.3 |
| Skull LAT | ESD (mGy) | - | 0.34 | 0.58 | - | - | 1.2 |
| Chest PA | ESD (mGy) | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.15 |
| Abdomen AP | ESD (mGy) | 0.11 | 0.34 | 0.59 | 0.86 | 2.01 | 4.7 |
| Pelvis AP | ESD (mGy) | 0.17 | 0.35 | 0.51 | 0.65 | 1.30 | 3.6 |
| Dental Radiography b | |||||||
| Intra oral | PED (mGy) | 1.15 g | 1.85 | ||||
| Panoramic | DAP (mGy cm2) | 70 g | 70 | ||||
| Diagnostic Fluoroscopy Procedures | |||||||
| MCU b | DAP (mGy cm2) | 274 | 483 | 740 | 1155 | 1911 | 9260 |
| Barium swallow b | DAP (mGy cm2) | 529 | 863 | 858 | 2272 | 2528 | 6350 |
| Barium meal b | DAP (mGy cm2) | 378 | 765 | 845 | 2012 | 3466 | 9980 |
| Cardiac-ASD occlusion c | ED (mSv) | 3.88 g | |||||
| Cardiac-PDA occlusion c | ED (mSv) | 3.21 g | |||||
| Cardiac-VSD occlusion c | ED (mSv) | 12.1 g | |||||
| Computed Tomography d | |||||||
| Brain | ED (mSv) | 2.3 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 1.9 |
| Facial bone/Sinuses | ED (mSv) | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.9 |
| Chest | ED (mSv) | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 5.9 |
| Entire Abdomen | ED (mSv) | 3.6 | 4.8 | 5.4 | 5.8 | 6.7 | 10.4 |
| Spine | ED (mSv) | 4.4 | 11.4 | 8 | 7.6 | 6.9 | 10.1 |
| Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine e | |||||||
| 99mTc MAG3 (renal function) | ED (mSv) | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.7 | |
| 99mTc DTPA (renal function) | ED (mSv) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.6 | |
| 99mTc IDA (biliary function) | ED (mSv) | 3.7 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.3 | |
| 99mTc MIBI (resting) | ED (mSv) | 5.4 | 4.8 | 4.4 | 4.0 | 3.3 | |
| 201Tl chloride | ED (mSv) | 86 | 95 | 129 | 30 | 20 | |
| 123I sodium iodide (thyroid uptake) | ED (mSv) | 19 | 16 | 12 | 10 | 7.2 | |
| 67Ga citrate | ED (mSv) | 28 | 23 | 23 | 19 | 15 | |
MCU: micturating cystourethrography: MAG: mertiatide, DTPA: diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, IDA: iminodiacetic acid, MIBI: methyloxyisobutylisonitrile, ESD entrance surface dose, PED patient entrance dose, DAP dose area product, ED effective dose
Source: the UK nationwide survey [22]
Source: Onnasch et al. 2007 [31]. Mean age of patients is 2.5 years
Source: German nationwide survey Galanski et al. 2006 [30]. Radiation doses to adults are based on German nationwide survey on multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) [28]. Radiation dose in age group category 1-year is dose to pediatric patients (up to 1-year), 5 y (1–5y), 10y (6–10y), and 15y (11–15y)
Source: Gadd et al. 1999 [29]. Effective dose was calculated assuming that scaling factors of administered activity are 0.27 (1 y), 0.44 (5 y), 0.69 (10 y), 0.9 (15 y), and 1 (adults) Table 5
Different dosimetric quantities have been used to quantity radiation dose to patients depending on modality. Dosimetric quantities in the given table include ESD (entrance surface dose), PED (patient entrance dose), DAP (dose area product), and ED (effective dose)
Age is not specified