Table 1.
Bivariate Associations between Ecstasy Use Initiation and Demographic, Family and Individual Factors (N = 6426)
| Predictor | Categories | n | % or Mean (SD) | Hazard ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic factors | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||
| Girl (Ref.)a | 3078 | 47.9 | 1.00 | .9791 | ||
| Boy | 3348 | 52.1 | 1.00 | (0.79, 1.25) | ||
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
| White (Ref.) | 4317 | 67.2 | 1.00 | .1271 | ||
| African-American | 921 | 14.3 | 0.72 | (0.50, 1.05) | ||
| Hispanic | 945 | 14.7 | 1.23 | (0.91, 1.67) | ||
| Other | 243 | 3.8 | 1.11 | (0.64, 1.95) | ||
| Family and Parental Factors | ||||||
| Parental education | ||||||
| College degree (Ref.) | 1674 | 26.3 | 1.00 | .1695 | ||
| Some college | 1747 | 27.4 | 0.91 | (0.64, 1.28) | ||
| HS diploma | 2118 | 33.2 | 0.86 | (0.60, 1.24) | ||
| <HS | 838 | 13.1 | 0.68 | (0.46, 0.99) | ||
| Income | ||||||
| $ 0 $14,999 (Ref.) | 716 | 11.6 | 1.00 | .3560 | ||
| $15,000–34,999 | 1620 | 26.1 | 0.86 | (0.59, 1.26) | ||
| $ 35,000–74,999 | 2462 | 39.7 | 0.80 | (0.56, 1.14) | ||
| $ 75,000+ | 1403 | 22.6 | 0.67 | (0.47, 1.05) | ||
| Two-parent household | ||||||
| No (Ref.) | 1882 | 29.3 | 1.00 | <.0001 | ||
| Yes | 4544 | 70.7 | 0.58 | (0.46, 0.73) | ||
| Parent history of drug use | ||||||
| No (Ref.) | 2894 | 45.0 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 3532 | 55.0 | 1.67 | (1.32, 2.12) | <.0001 | |
| Parental monitoringb | 6426 | 3.6 (0.95) | 0.55 | (0.49, 0.61) | <.0001 | |
| Individual Factors | ||||||
| Smoked before age 12 | ||||||
| No (Ref) | 5994 | 93.3 | 1.00 | <.0001 | ||
| Yes | 432 | 6.7 | 3.43 | (2.62, 4.49) | ||
| Drank before age 12 | ||||||
| No (Ref.) | 5883 | 91.5 | 1.00 | <.0001 | ||
| Yes | 543 | 8.5 | 2.98 | (2.25, 3.95) | ||
| Used marijuana before age 12 | ||||||
| No (Ref.) | 6345 | 98.7 | 1.00 | <.0001 | ||
| Yes | 81 | 1.3 | 8.50 | (5.75, 12.56) | ||
| Substance use before age 12 | ||||||
| (1) No substance use (ref) | 5589 | 87.0 | 1.00 | <.0001 | ||
| (2) Drinking only | 380 | 5.9 | 1.81 | (1.18, 2.79) | ||
| (3) Smoking only | 258 | 4.0 | 2.36 | (1.60, 4.38) | ||
| (4) Drinking & smoking | 118 | 1.8 | 5.17 | (3.33, 8.04) | ||
| (5) Marijuana use | 81 | 1.3 | 10.18 | (6.84, 15.13) | ||
| Positive attitude towards marijuana use | ||||||
| No (Ref.) | 6124 | 95.3 | 1.00 | <.0001 | ||
| Yes | 302 | 4.7 | 5.09 | (3.94, 6.58) | ||
| Sensation seekingb | 6412 | 2.5 (0.92) | 2.19 | (1.93, 2.48) | <.0001 | |
| Peer devianceb | 6426 | 1.7 (1.05) | 1.68 | (1.58, 1.79) | <.0001 | |
| Religious attendance | ||||||
| Monthly or more often (Ref.) | 4031 | 62.7 | 1.00 | <.0001 | ||
| Less than once a month | 1576 | 24.5 | 1.52 | (1.17, 1.99) | ||
| Never | 819 | 12.8 | 2.30 | (1.73, 3.06) | ||
a
Ref. = Reference group
b
Continuous variable; mean is reported, with standard deviation (SD) in parenthesis.