Table 2.
The relation between injection drug use (year t) and quality of the local environment, metropolitan political economy (year t-1), and region of the country at different time points in multivariate adjusted models accounting for police presence, and population size in 88 Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 1992 – 2002.
| Variable | Bivariate | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | |
| Quality of the local environment indexa,b | 1.03 | (1.01, 1.06) | 1.03 | (1.01, 1.06) | 1.03 | (1.01, 1.05) | 1.04 | (1.01, 1.06) | 1.03 | (1.00, 1.06) |
| Metropolitian political economy | ||||||||||
| Percent unemployed | 1.18 | (1.12, 1.25) | 1.10 | (1.05, 1.15) | 1.09 | (1.04, 1.15) | ||||
| Percent persons below poverty line | 1.05 | (1.03, 1.07) | 1.04 | (1.02, 1.05) | ||||||
| Percent households on public assistance | 1.09 | (1.05, 1.13) | 1.06 | (1.04, 1.09) | ||||||
| Region | ||||||||||
| West | 2.37 | (2.02, 2.78) | 2.19 | (1.87, 2.58) | 2.22 | (1.89, 2.60) | 2.27 | (1.95, 2.65) | 2.21 | (1.88, 2.59) |
| Northeast | 1.59 | (1.25, 2.02) | 1.58 | (1.24, 2.02) | 1.69 | (1.34, 2.14) | 1.62 | (1.28, 2.05) | 1.58 | (1.24, 2.01) |
| South | 1.28 | (1.05, 1.55) | 1.20 | (1.01, 1.42) | 1.14 | (0.96, 1.35) | 1.25 | (1.05, 1.50) | 1.22 | (1.03, 1.45) |
| Midwest | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | |||||
| Controls | ||||||||||
| Police officers (per 10,000)b | 0.99 | (0.98, 1.01) | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.02) | 1.00 | (0.98, 1.02) | 1.00 | (0.98, 1.02) | 1.00 | (0.98, 1.01) |
| Police spending (per capita)b | 0.99 | (0.98, 1.01) | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.02) | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.02) | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.02) | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.01) |
| Population size |
0.98 | (0.89, 1.08) | 0.98 | (0.92, 1.03) | 0.98 | (0.93, 1.03) | 0.97 | (0.92, 1.02) | 0.98 | (0.93, 1.04) |
| Interaction | ||||||||||
| West*local environment index | 1.01 | (0.97, 1.05) | ||||||||
| Northeast* local environment index | 0.97 | (0.94, 1.00) | ||||||||
| South* local environment index | 1.09 | (1.01, 1.17) | ||||||||
| Midwest* local environment index | reference | |||||||||
Note: the quality of the local environment index is the mean percent of respondents per Metropolitan Statistical Area reporting (a) bothersome crime, (b) abandoned buildings within a half block, (c) bars on windows within a half block and (d) trash within a half block.
all models have standardized values (mean = 0, SD = 1) for quality of the local environment index, police officers per 10,000, police spending per capita, and population size
lagged models have quality of the local environment index, police officers per 10,000, police spending per capita, and population size entered at year t-1, injection drug use entered at year t.