Table 3.
The relation between injection drug use (year t) and quality of the local environment, and metropolitan political economy (year t-1) stratified by region of the country in multivariate adjusted models accounting for police presence, and population size in 88 Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 1992 – 2002.
| Variable | West | West | West | Northeast | Northeast | Northeast | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | |
| Quality of the local environment indexa,b | 1.04 | (1.01, 1.07) | 1.04 | (1.01, 1.07) | 1.04 | (1.01, 1.07) | 1.00 | (0.98, 1.01) | 1.00 | (0.98, 1.01) | 1.00 | (0.98, 1.01) |
| Metropolitian political economy | ||||||||||||
| Percent unemployed | 1.09 | (1.03, 1.16) | 1.12 | (0.95, 1.31) | ||||||||
| Percent persons below poverty line | 1.03 | (1.00, 1.06) | 1.04 | (0.99, 1.09) | ||||||||
| Percent households on public assistance | 1.05 | (1.03, 1.08) | 1.12 | (1.05, 1.21) | ||||||||
| Controls | ||||||||||||
| Police officers (per 10,000)b | 1.00 | (0.98, 1.01) | 0.99 | (0.98, 1.01) | 0.99 | (0.98, 1.01) | 1.01 | (0.99, 1.02) | 1.01 | (0.99, 1.02) | 1.01 | (0.99, 1.02) |
| Police spending (per capita)b | 0.96 | (0.93, 0.99) | 0.96 | (0.93, 0.99) | 0.96 | (0.93, 0.99) | 0.99 | (0.97, 1.00) | 0.99 | (0.97, 1.00) | 0.99 | (0.97, 1.00) |
| Population size | 0.93 | (0.86, 1.00) | 0.93 | (0.86, 1.00) | 0.93 | (0.86, 1.00) | 1.10 | (0.98, 1.23) | 1.08 | (0.95, 1.22) | 1.06 | (0.94, 1.20) |
| Variable | South | South | South | Midwest | Midwest | Midwest | ||||||
| RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | |
| Quality of the local environment indexa,b | 1.12 | (1.05, 1.19) | 1.12 | (1.05, 1.19) | 1.12 | (1.05, 1.19) | 1.03 | (1.00, 1.06) | 1.03 | (1.00, 1.06) | 1.03 | (1.00, 1.06) |
| Metropolitian political economy | ||||||||||||
| Percent unemployed | 0.99 | (0.87, 1.14) | 1.07 | (0.94, 1.22) | ||||||||
| Percent persons below poverty line | 0.99 | (0.94, 1.04) | 1.04 | (0.97, 1.12) | ||||||||
| Percent households on public assistance | 0.99 | (.91, 1.06) | 1.01 | (0.89, 1.13) | ||||||||
| Controls | ||||||||||||
| Police officers (per 10,000)b | 0.97 | (0.93, 1.00) | 0.97 | (0.93, 1.00) | 0.97 | (0.93, 1.00) | 1.28 | (1.00, 1.64) | 1.26 | (0.98, 1.63) | 1.31 | (1.06, 1.63) |
| Police spending (per capita)b | 1.06 | (1.02, 1.10) | 1.06 | (1.02, 1.10) | 1.06 | (1.02, 1.10) | 1.04 | (1.02, 1.07) | 1.04 | (1.02, 1.07) | 1.04 | (1.02, 1.07) |
| Population size | 0.88 | (0.71, 1.10) | 0.88 | (0.70, 1.09) | 0.88 | (0.71, 1.09) | 0.91 | (0.85, 0.97) | 0.93 | (0.86, 0.99) | 0.92 | (0.85, 0.98) |
Note: the quality of the local environment index is the mean percent of respondents per Metropolitan Statistical Area reporting (a) bothersome crime, (b) abandoned buildings within a half block, (c) bars on windows within a half block and (d) trash within a half block.
all models have standardized values (mean = 0, SD = 1) for quality of the local environment index, police officers per 10,000, and police spending per capita.
lagged models have quality of the local environment index, police officers per 10,000, police spending per capita, and population size entered at year t-1, injection drug use entered at year t.