Table 1.
Patient characteristics at baseline and 4 and 8 years after start of the intervention in each group
| Variable | Baseline | 4 years after start of intervention | 8 years after start of intervention | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | INT | CON | INT | p valueb | CON | INT | p valueb | |
| No. patients (men/women) | 1,016 (538/478) | 1,017 (549/468) | 850 (437/413) | 882 (468/414) | 630 (326/304) | 689 (369/320) | ||
| Age (years) | 58.6 ± 7.0 | 58.5 ± 6.9 | 62.8 ± 6.8 | 62.4 ± 6.9 | 0.22 | 66.7 ± 6.8 | 66.3 ± 6.8 | 0.28 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.0 ± 2.9 | 23.1 ± 3.1 | 23.0 ± 3.0 | 23.0 ± 3.1 | 0.96 | 23.1 ± 3.1 | 23.0 ± 3.2 | 0.50 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | 132 ± 16/77 ± 10 | 132 ± 16/77 ± 10 | 132 ± 15/75 ± 9 | 133 ± 16/76 ± 9 | 0.23/0.33 | 132 ± 16/74 ± 10 | 133 ± 16/74 ± 10 | 0.17/0.99 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 9.0 ± 2.4 | 8.8 ± 2.4 | 8.9 ± 2.6 | 8.8 ± 2.5 | 0.14 | 8.7 ± 2.6 | 8.6 ± 2.4 | 0.90 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.9 ± 1.3 | 7.8 ± 1.2 | 7.7 ± 1.2 | 7.6 ± 1.2 | 0.10 | 7.6 ± 1.2 | 7.7 ± 1.2 | 0.47 |
| Serum total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.21 ± 0.92 | 5.21 ± 0.89 | 5.20 ± 0.86 | 5.17 ± 0.86 | 0.44 | 5.20 ± 0.80 | 5.20 ± 0.80 | 0.32 |
| Serum triacylglycerol (mmol/l)a | 1.17 (0.85) | 1.15 (0.84) | 1.14 (0.75) | 1.14 (0.78) | 0.55 | 1.19 (0.81) | 1.09 (0.76) | 0.049 |
| Serum HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.42 ± 0.46 | 1.41 ± 0.42 | 1.50 ± 0.42 | 1.49 ± 0.44 | 0.39 | 1.50 ± 0.40 | 1.50 ± 0.40 | 0.88 |
| Serum lipoprotein(a) (mmol/l)a | 0.82 (1.03) | 0.84 (1.10) | 0.85 (1.02) | 0.83 (1.00) | 0.53 | 0.72 (0.86) | 0.75 (1.10) | 0.53 |
| Therapeutic measures | ||||||||
| Diabetes | ||||||||
| Diet only (%) | 19.1 | 19.4 | 7.2 | 8.5 | 0.32 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 0.88 |
| Insulin (%) | 21.6 | 20.2 | 35.2 | 32.3 | 0.22 | 44.3 | 42.2 | 0.45 |
| Sulfonylureas (%) | 56.7 | 57.9 | 62.1 | 62.7 | 0.80 | 56.4 | 60.5 | 0.15 |
| α-Glucosidase inhibitors (%) | 19.6 | 20.5 | 28.9 | 31.8 | 0.21 | 28.2 | 30.7 | 0.35 |
| Biguanides (%) | 5.4 | 4.3 | 15.6 | 16.6 | 0.60 | 31.3 | 33.6 | 0.39 |
| Insulin sensitiser (%) | 2.0 | 2.7 | 8.2 | 8.6 | 0.73 | 8.5 | 9.3 | 0.62 |
| Others | ||||||||
| Antihypertensive agents (%) | 26.8 | 27.7 | 35.5 | 36.2 | 0.76 | 47.8 | 47.4 | 0.91 |
| Agents for hyperlipidaemia (%) | 26.0 | 24.5 | 33.0 | 32.1 | 0.72 | 39.3 | 37.9 | 0.64 |
| Diet | ||||||||
| Energy intake (kJ/day)a | 7,101 (2,258) | 7,092 (2,245) | 6,891 (2,196)d | 6,929 (2,062)d | 0.60d | ND | ND | |
| Fat intake (g/day)a | 52 (21) | 51 (22) | 48 (22)d | 50 (22)d | 0.30d | ND | ND | |
| Exercise (kJ/day for baseline and Baecke’s score for the fourth year)a | 502 (1,083) | 565 (1,142) | 9.3 (17.6)d | 9.9 (17.5)d | 0.037d | ND | ND | |
| Current/past smoker (%) | 29/22 | 27/25 | 24/26d | 21/30d | 0.21d | ND | ND | |
| Alcohol intake per day: never, one drink or less, more than one drinkc (%) | 64/30/6 | 62/30/7 | 65/31/5d | 60/33/7d | 0.11d | ND | ND | |
Means ± SD, unless otherwise stated
aMedian (interquartile range)
b p values CON vs INT groups (Fisher’s exact test for therapeutic measures, Mantel’s test for smoking status and alcohol intake and Wilcoxon’s rank sum test for other variables)
c‘One drink’ is equivalent to 12.6 g of ethanol based on the US Department of Agriculture definition
dAfter 5 years
ND, not done