Figure 1.

Anterograde regulation and retrograde signaling between chloroplasts and the nucleus. Anterograde regulation coordinates expression levels of nuclear genes encoding photosynthetic proteins and plastid gene expression machineries. Gene expression profiling, RNA target identification, and plastid proteomics provide a systematic view of anterograde regulation. Retrograde signaling (solid lines) regulates nuclear gene expression depending on the developmental and functional state of plastids. Gene expression profiling, protein-interacting networks, and changes in the metabolome of chloroplasts will shed light on systems biological analysis of responses (dotted lines) of retrograde signaling.