Table 2.
Accuracy, number of attempts to gain access to the glenohumeral joint, injected volume and leakage of contrast media with four different image-guided approaches
| Overall | FLa | FLp | USa | USp | FL(a + p) | US(a + p) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients (N) | 100 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 50 | 50 |
| Intra-articular injection | 100 (100%) | 25 (100%) | 25 (100%) | 25 (100%) | 25 (100%) | 50 (100%) | 50 (100%) |
| 1st attempt | 83 (83%) | 19 (76%) | 17 (68%) | 24 (96%) | 23 (92%) | 36 (72%) | 47 (94%) |
| 2nd attempt | 14 (14%) | 5 (20%) | 6 (24%) | 1 (4%) | 2 (8%) | 11 (22%) | 3 (6%) |
| 3rd attempt | 3 (3%) | 1 (4%) | 2 (8%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (%) | 3 (6%) | 0 (0%) |
| No leakage | 49 (49%) | 8 (32%) | 13 (52%) | 16 (64%) | 12 (48%) | 21 (42%) | 28 (56%) |
| Minimal leakage noncompromising | 24 (24%) | 12 (48%) | 3 (12%) | 4 (16%) | 5 (20%) | 15 (30%) | 9 (18%) |
| Massive leakage noncompromising | 27 (27%) | 5 (20%) | 9 (36%) | 5 (20%) | 8 (32%) | 14 (28%) | 13 (26%) |
| Minimal leakage compromising | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Massive leakage compromising | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Minimal injected volume (ml) | 5.0 | 10.0 | 9.0 | 5.0 | 10.0 | 9.0 | 5.0 |
| Maximal injected volume (ml) | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 |
| Mean injected volume (ml) | 15.6 | 14.5 | 14.9 | 14.6 | 18.6 | 14.7 | 16.6 |
| Local anaesthetics | – | No | Yes | No | No | – | – |
| Needle size (gauge) | – | 20 | 18 | 21 | 21 | – | – |
USa: US-guided anterior injection, USp: US-guided posterior injection, FLa: fluoroscopic-guided anterior injection, FLp: fluoroscopic-guided posterior injection, FL (a + p): fluoroscopic-guided anterior and posterior approach, US (a + p): US-guided anterior and posterior approach