Table 1.

List of medicinal plants used for various conditions and their chemical constituents according to Baquar, (1989) and Bartram, (1995).

Disease	Botanical Name / Local Name / English Name	Part Used	Chemical constituents	Preparation & Use
Abdominal pain & worms	Albizzia lebbek (L) Benth. Sirrien Siris tree	Seeds are dried	Acyclic ester Heneicos, enyl hydroxy-tetracos, enoate, lupeol, leanolic acid, docosanoic acid and B-sitosterol	Seeds are dried and then ground to obtained powder (Safoof). About half teaspoon of this powder is taken with water at night for abdominal worms.
	Punica granatum L. Anar Pomegrenate	Seeds	Isopelletierine, Pseudopelletier-Ine, methyl - Is0pelletierine, pectin, Sorbitol, Manitol	Seeds are dried in sunshine and ground to made powder. This powder about 1/4th teaspoon with water is prescribed twice time in a day, for killing the abdominal worms of children.
	Ricinus communis L. Arund Castor oil	Leaves	Malic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, sucrose, glucose, xylose and raffinose	Fresh young leaves are fried in ghee. Then these are wrapped over abdomen. This traditional phytotherapy is prescribed for abdominal pain.
	Trachyspermum copticum (L.) Link. Ajwain Bishops weed	Seeds	essential oil	Seeds are ground with loaf sugar (Gur) and made into small tablets. When these tablets are taken with hot water, it cures abdominal pain.
Asthma, cough & bronchitis	Adhatoda vasica Nees Bhakker Vasaka	Leaves	Peganine, vasicinone, adhatodine, anisoline, vasakin, and oxohakonaol	The fresh juice extract obtained from leaves, is mixed with honey and ginger juice. One teaspoon thrice a day, is recommended to all types of cough, chronic bronchitis and asthma.
	Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moeinch Bhindi English name: Laday finger (Okra)	Fruit	Sucrose, Gluscose	Fresh fruits are cut into small pieces and then boiled in water, to obtain mucilaginous decoction. This decoction is prescribed for cough, throat infection and bronchitis.
	Psidium guajava L. Amrood Guajava	Fruit	Xylose, Sorbitol	Green immature fresh fruit of the plant is fried and then crushed and mixed the teaspoon of honey. This is used for old cough, bronchitis and chronic whooping cough.
Cold, flue and influenza	Ficus benghalensis L. Bohr Banyan tree	Aerial adventitious roots (Prop).	Leucoanthocyanidin and leucoanthocyanin	Fresh prop roots are boiled in water for half an hour. Then this decoction is used for chronic flue and influenza. This decoction is used for 3–5 days regularly.
Diabetes	Adhatoda vasica Nees Bhekkar Vaisaka	Leaves	Peganine, vasicinone, adhatodine, anisoline, vasakin, and oxohakonaol	Extract obtained from the fresh leaves of plant mixed with water. About 10ml of extract is use triplicate per day. It will shows symptomatic hypoglycemic action to lower blood glucose level of Diabetics.
	Aloe vera L. Kunwargandal Aloe	Aerial parts	Polysacharide, and glucoronic acid	Equal quantity of extract obtained from the fresh aerial parts of Fagonia indica, Fresh leaves and stem of Aloe vera and Fresh Branches of Tinosporia cordifolia. Then these three extracts are mix up and use small teaspoon thrice a day. According to the rural inhabitants of the area this formula is very old and 100% effective to lower the blood glucose level of Diabetics.
	Ficus benghalensis Linn Bohr Banyan tree	Aerial parts	Leucoanthocyanidin and leucoanthocyanin	The latex obtained from the aerial parts of the plants (leaves and young branches) and mixed with honey and use orally to control rise of blood sugar among Diabetics.
	Momardica charantia L. Karala Bitter gourd	Fruit	Pectin, glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, reducing sugars, resins, phenolic constituents	The juices obtained from the fresh fruits of plant and use one small cup daily. This juice also exhibited anti-diabetic properties.
Diarrhea and dysentery	Adiantum capillus veneris L. Thundi khui Booti Maidens hour	Aerial parts	Kaempferol, hydroxyl adiantone, oxohakonanol and adiantone	Juices are obtained from the fresh aerial part of plant and mix the loaf sugar (Gur) in this juice to obtain a sweet syrup (Sharbat). This syrup is used as one glass twice in a day. It is very effective phytotherapy prescribed for the control and treatment of chronic diarrhea and dysentery.
	Coriandrum sativum L. Dhania Coriander	Fruit	Linalool, geranyl acetate, camphor, cystine, histidine, lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, serine, glycine, glutamic acid, alanine, phenylaanine, isolaucine and leucine	Dried fruits are ground to made powder. One teaspoon of this powder is taken with glass of water twice in a day for diarrhea and dysentery.
	Mangifera indica L. Amb Mango tree	Seed	Tannins	Seeds of the plant are dried in sunshine and then ground to obtained powder. One teaspoon of this powder with glass of water is taken twice in a day for chronic dysentery and diarrhea.
	Punica granatum L. Anar Pome grenata	Rind of Fruit	Isopelletierine, Pseudopelletier-Ine, methyl - Is0pelletierine, pectin, Sorbitol, Manitol	Rind of the fruit is dried in sunshine and ground to make powder. Mix equal quantity of sugar in this powder. About ½ teaspoon and ¼ teaspoon with water is recommended to adult and children respectively for diarrhoea and dysentery.
Digestive disorders	Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Sounf Fennel	Fruits	Fenicularin, nelumboside and umbelliferone	About 250 gram dried fruits of plant is ground to obtaine powder, and mix with equal quantity of powder form of the seeds of pomegranate, 375 gm of sugar candy and 4–6 seeds of Green cardamom in powder form. This powder (Safoof) is used one teaspoon thrice in a day before and after meal. This phytotherapy is recommended for indigestion, loss of appetite, chronic dyspepsia, Gastritis, Intestinal colic, vomiting and heart burn.
	Trachyspermum copticum L. Ajwain Bishops weed	Fruits	Essential oil, thymol, turpine.	About 125 gram of the dried fruits of the plant is ground to obtain powder. Mix it with equal quantity of powder form of the dried fruits of Foeuulum vulgare (Sounf), Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) fruit bark without seeds, Terminalia chebula (Hures) dried fruit, Terminalia bebrica (Behra) dried fruit bark without seeds, 10–15 gm of Black pepper seeds and 50 gm of Black salt. This mixed powder (Safoof) is used as one teaspoon after every meal. This very effective traditional phytotherapy recommended for Vomiting, Nausea, Gastritis, loss of appetite, Dyspepsia, flatulence, Anorexia, heart burn and gas trouble.
	Mentha sylvestris L. Pehari/chitta podina Wild mint	Aerial parts	Oleanolic acide, ursolic and menthol	A tea is made from the dried aerial parts of the plant and fennel and green cardamom fruits. This tea is prescribed for gastric trouble, intestinal colic, vomiting and Nausea.
Ear infections	Cucurbita pepo L. Kadoo Pumpkin	Fruit	Protein, linoleic and oleic acid and tocopherols	Juice obtained from the fresh fruit of the plant and then mix a Rose extract (Arq-e-Gulab). This is used as eardrops for removing Otitis.
	Fagonia indica Burm. f. Dhumian Fagonia	Aerial parts	Alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl]-ur solic acid-28-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl] ester, 3-O-[betaD-glucopyranosyl-arabinopyranosyl]-olean olic acid	Aerial parts of the plant are dried undershade and then ground to obtained powder. 250 gm of this powder is mixed with equal quantity of the powder of fruits of Trachyspermum copticum (Ajwain) and Terminalia chebula (Hareer). Then this mixed powder is used orally as half teaspoon twice in a day with water for ear infection and other ear diseases.
	Raphanus sativus L. Mooli Radish	Underground part	Tocopherol, caffeic acid and ferrulic acid	Juice obtained from the underground part of the plant is cooked with sesame oil (Til) until all the juice is mixed and oil is left behind. Then this oil is used as ear drops for the treatment of ear ailments.
	Solanum nigrum L. Kuchmach Nightshade	Leaves	Tigogenin, petanin, solamargine, solasodine and solasonine	Fresh leaves are crushed and pure leaf extract is obtained. 3–4 drops of this extract is used as eardrops at night for one week. This traditional phytotherapy is prescribed to treat earache, bleeding of ears and boils of ear.
Eye complaints	Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile Kiker Acacia Gum	Leaves	Arabic acid, calcium, potassium salts	Fresh leaves of the plant are plucked and mashed to obtain paste. The paste is tied with cloth as a bandage on eyelids for night, and in morning it is opened. It is very old and effective traditional phytotherapy recommended to treat redness of eyes, pain and conjunctivitis.
	Calendula arvensis L. Zergul mushki Marigold	Aerial parts	Sesquiterpene glycosides	Aerial parts of the plant are dried under shade. After drying, water is mixed and eyes are washed with this mixture thrice in a day for conjunctivitis and painful eyes. Crushed form of fresh flowers is also useful for redness of eyes and conjunctivitis.
	Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers Khabul gaaha Common grass	Whole plant	Cynodin, hydrocyanic acid and triticin	The paste of the whole fresh plant along with the root paste of Cyperus rotundus (Deela gaaha) is applied externally on eyelids. This is prescribed to reduce the swelling, redness of eyes and to relieve the eye pain.
	Euphorbia hirta L. Dodhi Spurse	Latex of Aerial parts	Triterpenoids, Sterols, Alkaloid, Glycoside and Tannin	Milky latex obtained from the fresh aerial parts of the plant. Adding then dilutes the milky latex boiled but cooling clean water. 2–3 drops put in eyes thrice in a day for treatment of eye complaints such as redness of eyes and to remove foreign body from eyes.
	Andrachne aspera Spreng Rumtotia Andrachne	Root	Piperidine alkaloids andrachcinine and andrachcinidine	Fresh roots of the plant are collected and peeled off to remove the upper bark of roots. Then these roots are applied in eyes as needle (Surma Salai). This is done to remove the foreign body from the eyes as well as for painful eyes.
	Phyllanthus emblica L. Amla Phyllanthus	Fruit	Lupeol, ellagic acid and mucic acid	Fresh juices obtained from the fruit of plant and then mix a big teaspoon of honey in this juice. This is orally used for keen vision as a eye tonic, conjunctivitis and other eye complaints.