Table 5.

Table 5 Transcultural measurement invariance in the Hypomania Checklist-32, first revised version (HCL-32 R1)

	N-Europe (n=672)		S-Europe (n=687)	E-Europe (n=193)	S-America (n=423)	E-Asia (n=631)
Items	Primary loading^a	Covariate effects^a	Primary loading^a	Primary loading^a	Primary loading^a	Primary loading^a	Covariate effects^a
Needs less sleep	0.46		0.46	0.46	0.46	0.46
Has more energy, is more actived	1.00		1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Is more self-confident	1.06		1.06	1.06	1.06	1.06
Enjoys work more	0.69		0.69	0.69	0.69	0.69
Is more sociable, goes out more	0.88		0.88	0.88	0.88	0.88
Travels more	0.69		0.69	0.69	0.69	0.69
Drives faster, takes more risks when driving	0.70		0.70	0.70	0.70	0.70
Spends more/too much money	0.63		0.63	0.63	1.54^b	0.63
Takes more risks in daily life	0.60		0.60	0.60	0.60	0.60
Is more physically active	0.79		0.79	0.79	0.79	0.79
Makes more plans	0.97		0.97	0.97	0.97	0.97
Has more ideas, is more creative	1.08		1.08	1.08	1.08	1.08
Is less shy or inhibited	0.83		0.83	0.83	0.83	0.83
Dresses more colourfully or extravagantly	0.51	0.72*	0.51	0.51	0.51	0.51
Meets more people	0.83		0.83	0.83	0.83	0.83
Flirts more, has more sex	0.72		0.72	0.72	0.72	0.72
Talks more	0.75		0.75	0.75	0.75	0.75
Thinks faster	0.88		0.56^b	0.88	0.88	0.88
Makes more jokes or puns	0.77		0.77	0.77	0.77	0.77
Is more easily distracted	0.94		0.94	0.94	0.94	0.94
Engages in lots of new things	0.57		0.57	0.57	0.57	0.57
Thoughts jump from topic to topic	0.71		0.71	0.71	0.71	0.66^b
Does things more quickly/easily	0.76		0.76	0.76	0.76	0.76
Is more impatient and irritablec	1.00		1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Tends to bug other people	0.91		0.91	0.91	0.91	0.91
Gets into more quarrels	0.94		0.94	0.94	0.94	0.94
Mood is higher, more optimistic	0.99		0.99	0.99	0.99	0.87^c
Drinks more coffee	0.47		0.47	0.47	0.47	0.47
Smokes more cigarettes	0.69		0.69	0.69	0.69	0.69	-1.089*
Drinks more alcohol	0.78		0.78	0.78	0.78	0.78
Takes more drugs or medicines	0.85		0.85	0.85	0.85	0.85
^a Factor loadings are unstandardized primary loadings; regression coefficients are Y-standardized
^b Factor loadings in bold are non-invariant across groups, i.e., differ from the corresponding loadings in the other groups
^c These are marker items whose factor loadings are fixed to 1 in all groups in order to pass their metric on to their corresponding factor (energypF1, impatientpF2)
*p<0.001
Shaded items belong to F1, the other items to F2