Table 1.

Summary of traits associated with fitness costs for the G119S mutation for Culex pipiens/C. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in insecticide-free environments

Trait	Reference
field studies
longer developmental time	[14]
adult size (shorter wing length)	[14]
reduced survival of over-wintering females	[15,16]
overall fitness	[13,17]
laboratory studies
reduced male mating success	[18]
reduced probability of adult emergence	[19-21]
reduced metabolic reserves at emergence	[19]
smaller adult size (tibia length)	[20]
increased risk of predation	[22]
reduced female fecundity	[20]
higher Wolbachia load	[23]