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. 2009 Mar 18;6(41):1233–1245. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0514

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© 2009 The Royal Society

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Examples of pathway duplication in (a) Avida and (b–d) yeast. (a) The evolution of the FGA within one lineage of digital organisms. These FGAs show that the instructions first involved in the AND function also contribute to the NAND function and the NOT function. With respect to the instructions that constitute them, it seems that the two subsequent functions are partial copies of the AND function, or in other words that the AND function has been duplicated to form the two other functions. (b–d) Three pairs of pathways which suggest a similar type of function duplication in yeast (downloaded from http://www.yeastgenome.org/, 18 October 2008; Christie et al. 2004). (b)(i) 4-Aminobutyrate degradation and (ii) glutamate degradation I; (c)(i) isoleucine biosynthesis and (ii) valine biosynthesis; (d)(i) fructose degradation and (ii) mannose degradation. In all these examples, the larger pathway was probably formed through the addition of one or two genes.

Examples of pathway duplication in (a) Avida and (b–d) yeast. (a) The evolution of the FGA within one lineage of digital organisms. These FGAs show that the instructions first involved in the AND function also contribute to the NAND function and the NOT function. With respect to the instructions that constitute them, it seems that the two subsequent functions are partial copies of the AND function, or in other words that the AND function has been duplicated to form the two other functions. (b–d) Three pairs of pathways which suggest a similar type of function duplication in yeast (downloaded from http://www.yeastgenome.org/, 18 October 2008; Christie et al. 2004). (b)(i) 4-Aminobutyrate degradation and (ii) glutamate degradation I; (c)(i) isoleucine biosynthesis and (ii) valine biosynthesis; (d)(i) fructose degradation and (ii) mannose degradation. In all these examples, the larger pathway was probably formed through the addition of one or two genes.