Figure 3.

A phylogeny of Scaridae. Tip labels denote genus names with species totals in brackets. The arrow points to the inferred location of the rate shift. Pictures on branches represent important transitions in the evolutionary history of parrotfishes, rather than hypothesized ancestral states. These are: (i) modified pharyngeal jaw apparatus (from Leptoscarus vaigiensis) shared by all parrotfishes; (ii) modifications in the oral jaw and teeth structure (from Scarus psittacus) shared by the reef scarids; and (iii) pronounced sexual dichromatism (male and female Scarus frenatus) characterizing a subclade of reef scarids. Drawings of pharyngeal and oral jaws and pictures of S. frenatus are taken with permission from Bellwood (1994) and FishBase (www.fishbase.org), respectively.