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(a) The same x-section after upstroke translation has stopped (wing position 8). The pronating rotation of wing turn-around (large white arrow) has induced and sustained circulation around the wing (this image │Γbound│ = 0.08 m2 s−1). (b) Beginning of downstroke translation (wing position 1). Note the shed upstroke/pronation vortex (│Γ│ = 0.08 m2 s−1) behind the trailing edge, merged with the starting vortex of downstroke.
