Figure 2.

Temperature-dependent growth and development over the fifth stadium. (a–d,f) Growth parameter means and standard errors. Increases in (a–c) mass and (d) size either significantly or strongly tend to be less at 26°C versus warmer temperatures. Insects at 32 and 38°C experience indistinguishable gains over the stadium in (a) total dry weight, (b) lipid mass, (c) lean mass and (d) tibia length. (e) However, because stadium duration significantly decreases with increasing temperature (boxplot whiskers show 10th and 90th percentiles), (f) rates of weight gain increase with temperature. (b,c) Marginal means and standard errors following ANCOVA analysis including dietary regime as a fixed factor and initial mass as a covariate. Tibia length is adjusted for initial mass. Diet did not significantly influence variables in (a), (d), (e) or (f). n = 30 for each temperature; insects failing to moult were excluded from further analysis. ANOVA/ANCOVA results presented in table 1. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; n.s.= p > 0.05. Ramp symbols in (e) and (f) indicate Jonckheere–Terpstra trend tests.