Table 4.

Cell-Based Techniques for Vascular Tissue Engineering

	Endothelial cell cocultures	Growth factor–producing cells
Mechanism of vascularization	Use of endothelial cells to form capillary-like structures	Transfected cells used to modulate angiogenic growth factor delivery
Tissues and cell types cocultured	Skin, bone, adipose, and muscle tissue; fibroblasts, neural progenitor cells	Bone, myocardial, and dermal tissue
Quantitative measurement of nutrient and oxygen diffusion	Luciferase or other fluorescence-based imaging, fiber optic oxygen sensors	None reported
Points of functional anastomosis	None, requires ingrowth of host vessels	None, only vascular cell recruitment
References	45–53, 68, 69	70–72