Table 1.
Marine toxins reviewed in this study, examples of producing organisms, chemical structure and target in the intoxicated organism.
| Toxin | Example of producing organism | Chemical type | Target/action |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tetrodotoxin |
Bacteria Vibrio sp. Serratia marcescens |
Alkaloid | Na+ channels/blockage |
| Nodularin |
Cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena |
Cyclic peptide | Protein Phosphatases/inhibition |
| Domoic acid |
Diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia spp. |
Amino acid | Glutamate receptor/agonist |
| Okadaic acid |
Dinoflagellates Dynophysis spp. |
Polyether | Protein Phosphatases/inhibition |
| Saxitoxins | Alexandrium spp. | Alkaloid | Na+ channels/blockage |
| Palytoxin | Ostreopsis ovata | Aliphatic backbone with polyethers | Na+/K+ pumps/pore forming |
| Brevetoxins | Karenia brevis | Polyethers | Na+ channels/ |
| Ciguatoxin | Gambierdiscus toxicus | Polycyclic ethers | Na+ channels/ |