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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Free Radic Biol Med. 2009 Oct 2;48(1):1. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.09.026

Fig 1. TGF-β increases ROS production and ROS activate/induce TGF-β.

Fig 1

TGF-β increases ROS production by Nox4, mitochondria, and microsomes. On the other hand, ROS induce TGF-β gene expression and activate TGF-β through oxidizing latency associated protein (LAP) or activating MMPs, which in turn release LAP.