Table 5.
Multivariable Model of All-Cause Costs to Medicare at 1 Year
| Variable | Cost Ratio (95% CI) | P Value |
|---|---|---|
| Age, per 5 years | 0.90 (0.90-0.90) | < .001 |
| Male sex | 1.05 (1.04–1.05) | < .001 |
| Black race | 1.12 (1.11–1.13) | < .001 |
| Length of index hospitalization > 7 days | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) | < .001 |
| History of ischemic heart disease | 1.07 (1.06–1.07) | < .001 |
| Cardiorespiratory failure and shock | 1.07 (1.07–1.08) | < .001 |
| Valvular and rheumatic heart disease | 1.14 (1.13–1.15) | < .001 |
| Hypertension | 0.96 (0.96–0.97) | < .001 |
| Stroke | 0.92 (0.91–0.94) | < .001 |
| Renal failure | 1.17 (1.16–1.17) | < .001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1.07 (1.06–1.07) | < .001 |
| Pneumonia | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | .56 |
| Diabetes | 1.10 (1.09–1.11) | < .001 |
| Dementia and major psychiatric disorders | 0.85 (0.85–0.86) | < .001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.07 (1.06–1.08) | < .001 |
| Metastatic cancer | 0.82 (0.80–0.83) | < .001 |
| Chronic liver disease | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | .89 |
| Specified heart arrhythmias | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | .42 |
| Other heart rhythm and conduction disorders | 0.98 (0.98–0.99) | < .001 |
| Inpatient costs to Medicare 1 year before index hospitalization | ||
| None | 1.00 [Reference] | |
| ≤ $6500 | 1.16 (1.15–1.17) | < .001 |
| $6501–$16500 | 1.35 (1.34–1.36) | < .001 |
| > $16500 | 1.68 (1.66–1.70) | < .001 |
| US geographic region | ||
| Midwest | 0.96 (0.94–0.97) | < .001 |
| Northeast | 1.26 (1.23–1.29) | < .001 |
| South | 1.00 [Reference] | |
| West | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) | < .001 |
| Year of index hospitalization | ||
| 2001 | 1.00 [Reference] | |
| 2002 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | .78 |
| 2003 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | .41 |
| 2004 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | .07 |
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.