Table 3.
Socioeconomic Factors Predictive of Cardiovascular Death or Nonfatal Myocardial Infarction in Unadjusted and Risk-Adjusteda Cox Proportional Hazards Models
| Unadjusted Relative risk (95% CI) | Unadjusted model Chi-square, p value | Risk-adjusted Relative risk (95% CI0 p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Income level | 4.91 | 23, <0.0001 | 4.76 (1.68–13.45) |
| <$20,000 vs. ≥$50,000 | (2.11–11.44) | p = 0.006 | |
| Employment | 4.33 | 16, <0.0001 | 3.98 (1.59–9.97) |
| part-time employment, or unemployed vs. full-time employment | (2.00–9.35) | p = 0.001 | |
| Education | 3.51 | 12, 0.002 | 2.84 (1.33–6.06) |
| 9th–12th grade, GED,b or <9th grade vs. post-high schoolc | (1.76–6.99) | p = 0.017 | |
| Ethnicity | 1.77 | 10, 0.008 | 1.49 (0.90–2.51) |
| Black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, or American Indian/Alaskan Native vs. Caucasian non-Hispanic | (1.13–2.77) | p = 0.13 | |
| Insurance status | 3.27 | 16, <0.0001 | 2.13 (1.0–4.52) |
| Publicd or no health insurance vs. private HMO/PPO | (1.72–6.21) | p = 0.054 | |
| Marital status | 2.51 | 8, 0.022 | 2.41 (1.12–5.20) |
| Divorced, separated, living in a marriage-like situation, or never married vs. married | (1.23–5.14) | p = 0.06 | |
| Retired | 1.62 | 5, 0.023 | 1.46 (0.91–2.35) |
| Retired vs. not retired | (1.07–2.44) | p = 0.213 | |
| Vocation | |||
| Service job | 1.79 | 8, 0.006 | 1.51 (0.94–2.41) |
| Service vs. non-service job | (1.18–2.71) | p = 0.06 | |
| Nontechnical job | 1.93 | 4, 0.037 | 2.13 (0.98–4.67) |
| Nontechnical vs. technical job | (1.03–3.62) | p = 0.086 | |
| Nonmanagerial job | 1.60 | 3, 0.071 | 1.43 (0.80–2.52) |
| Nonmanagerial vs. managerial job | (0.95–2.67) | p = 0.244 | |
a
Risk-adjusted by angiographic CAD extent, cardiac symptoms, cardiac risk factors (smoking, age, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes), and body mass index.
b
GED, General Educational Development Diploma; HMO, health maintenance organization; PPO, preferred provider organization.
c
Post-high school, vocational training, classes toward or completion of an associate's or baccalaureate degree or higher.
d
Public insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, or Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services (CHAMPUS).