Table 1. Summary of targeting peptides either isolated by in vivo biopanning or evaluated in vivo.

Target	Selection method(s)	Peptide characteristics	Reference
Cancer-related
Breast cancer	M13 Phage display; mouse xenograft	p160 (VPWMEPAYQRFL) targeted and internalized into MDA-MB-435 cells, IC50 = 0.6 μM, Kd = 0.86 μM	[78,79]
Gastric cancer metastases	M13 Phage display; mouse xenograft	SWKLPPS-coated liposomes targeted peritoneal metastases of AZ-P7a cells and enhanced adriamycin anti-cancer activity	[80]
Hepatocellular carcinoma	M13 Phage display; mouse xenograft	EGFR-selected GE11 (YHWYGYTPQNVI, Kd = 22 nM) and GE11-polyethylenimine vectors targeted SMMC-7721 cells	[81]
	M13 Phage display; mouse model	SMMC-7721-selected KSLSRHDHIHHH suppressed tumor migration and when conjugated to TSST-1 superantigen, inhibited mouse H22 tumor growth	[82]
	M13 Phage display; mouse xenograft	TACHQHVRMVRP targeted BEL-7402 tumors	[83]
Leukemia	One-bead-one compound; mouse xenograft	Jurkat cell-selected LLP2A peptide targeted Molt-4 tumors; α4β1-integrin receptor ligand, IC50 = 2 pM	[84,85]
Medullary thyroid carcinoma	M13 Phage-display; mouse xenograft	HTFEPGV phage targeted human MTC-derived TT cells and directed adenoviral binding and internalization	[86]
	M13 Phage-display; mouse in vivo biopanning; transgenic mouse model	SRESPHP phage specifically targeted and internalized into MTC cells	[87]
Melanoma	M13 Phage display; mouse in vivo and in vitro biopanning; mouse model	TRTKLPRLHLQS phage targeted B16 tumors and enhanced host immune response resulting in tumor necrosis and increased survival	[88]
Pancreatic cancer	fUSE 5 Phage display; mouse xenograft	Penetratin sequence-conjugated G7-18NATE peptide decreased cell migration and metastasis; non-phosphorylated inhibitor targeted Grb7 SH2 domain	[89,90]
	M13 Phage display; mouse xenograft	SHGFSRHSMTLI targeted irradiated Capan-2 tumors	[91]
Prostate carcinoma	fUSE 5 Phage display; mouse xenograft	IAGLATPGWSHWLAL phage targeted PC-3 cells	[92]
	Bacterial display, FliTrx; mouse xenograft	MM-2 (CPGDRGQRRLFSKIEGPC) targeted PC-3 cells	[93]
	M13 Phage display; mouse xenograft and rat model	DUP-1 (FRPNRAQDYNTN) targeted DU-145 cells, IC50 = 180 nM	[94]
Tumor vasculature	fUSE 5 Phage-display, mouse models	NGR-conjugated IFN-γ and NGR-conjugated TNF-α enhanced antitumor activity in T lymphoma (RMA), WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma, TS/A adenocarcinoma	[97,99-101]
Non-cancer-related
Pancreas	fUSE 5 Phage display; mouse in vivo biopanning	CRVASVLPC phage targeted prolactin receptor in pancreas vasculature and islets	[102]
	fUSE 5 Phage display; mouse in vivo biopanning	CVSNPRWKC and CHVLWSTRC, ephrin A-type ligand homologs, homed to pancreatic islets	[103]
	fd-tet Phage display	RIP1 phage clone (LSGTPERSGQAVKVKLKAIP) targeted rat β-cells in islets	[104]
Endothelium	M13 Phage display; rat in vivo biopanning	VNTANST and QPEHSST targeted adeno-associated virus to lung and brain endothelium, respectively	[105]
	T7 Phage display; ex vivo and in vivo mouse biopanning	CRPPR peptide, and CKRAVR, CRSTRANPC, CPKTRRVPC phage targeted cardiac endothelium	[106]
	M13 Phage display; mouse inflammatory and atherosclerotic model	CVHSPNKKC-coated superparamagnetic fluorescent nanoparticle targeted VCAM-1-expressing endothelium and atherosclerotic lesions	[107]
	M13 Phage display; mouse atherosclerotic model	VHPKQHR-coated superparamagnetic fluorescent nanoparticle targeted VCAM-1-expressing endothelium and atherosclerotic lesions	[108]
Fibrinogen/fibronectin	T7 Phage-display; mouse zenograft and model	CGLIIQKNEC,CNAGESSKNC targeted clotted plasma proteins and tumor tissue	[109]

MTC: Medullary thyroid carcinoma; TT: Medullary thyroid carcinoma cells.