Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Population by Quartile of Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels
| Characteristics | Quartile of Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acid Level |
P Value (1-Way ANOVA or χ2) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (n = 152) | 2 (n = 152) | 3 (n = 152) | 4 (n = 152) | ||
| Marine omega-3 fatty acid level, mean (range), % | 2.3 (1.1-2.8) | 3.3 (2.9-3.7) | 4.3 (3.8-5.1) | 7.3 (5.2-18.4) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 64 (11) | 66 (9) | 67 (10) | 67 (10) | .005 |
| Male, No. (%) | 128 (84) | 123 (81) | 120 (79) | 128 (84) | .55 |
| White, No. (%) | 84 (55) | 84 (55) | 96 (63) | 98 (64) | <.001 |
| Income ≥$50 000, No. (%) | 19 (13) | 25 (16) | 34 (23) | 52 (35) | .001 |
| Education beyond high school, No. (%) | 106 (69) | 96 (63) | 112 (74) | 130 (86) | <.001 |
| Exercise capacity, mean (SD), METs | 7.5 (2.9) | 7.3 (3.0) | 8.0 (3.1) | 9.1 (3.6) | .06 |
| Prior myocardial infarction, No. (%) | 94 (62) | 82 (55) | 69 (45) | 72 (47) | .02 |
| Prior congestive heart failure, No. (%) | 21 (13) | 23 (15) | 21 (14) | 25 (17) | .90 |
| Prior stroke, No. (%) | 22 (14) | 21 (14) | 13 (9) | 19 (13) | .40 |
| Type 2 diabetes, No. (%) | 47 (31) | 45 (30) | 27 (18) | 27 (18) | .004 |
| Smoking, No. (%) | |||||
| Current | 41 (27) | 31 (20) | 20 (13) | 9 (6) | <.001 |
| Past | 68 (45) | 78 (51) | 87 (57) | 74 (49) | .17 |
| Waist-hip ratio, mean (SD) | 0.96 (0.08) | 0.96 (0.08) | 0.95 (0.08) | 0.94 (0.07) | .04 |
| Blood pressure, mean(SD), mm Hg | |||||
| Systolic | 134 (20) | 134 (21) | 134 (21) | 129 (19) | .13 |
| Diastolic | 76 (11) | 75 (12) | 74 (11) | 74 (11) | .33 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction, mean (SD), % | 62 (9) | 62 (8) | 63 (8) | 63 (10) | .22 |
| Statin use, No. (%) | 95 (63) | 113 (74) | 102 (67) | 113 (74) | .06 |
| β-Blocker use, No. (%) | 100 (66) | 89 (59) | 85 (56) | 77 (51) | .06 |
| ACE inhibitor/ARB use, No. (%) | 74 (49) | 83 (55) | 73 (48) | 79 (52) | .60 |
| Aspirin use, No. (%) | 118 (78) | 124 (82) | 119 (78) | 114 (75) | .58 |
| Vitamin use, No. (%) | 25 (16) | 33 (22) | 38 (25) | 32 (21) | .33 |
| HDL-C, mean (SD), mg/dL | 45 (14) | 44 (13) | 47 (15) | 48 (14) | .03a |
| LDL-C, mean (SD), mg/dL | 111 (39) | 102 (29) | 103 (33) | 100 (32) | .04a |
| Triglycerides, mean (SD), mg/dL | 208 (239) | 137 (88) | 121 (79) | 99 (50) | <.001a |
| C-reactive protein, mean (SD), mg/L | 4.7 (6.5) | 4.3 (5.6) | 3.6 (6.5) | 3.0 (7.9) | <.001a |
| Interleukin 6, mean (SD), mg/dL | 3.6 (2.7) | 3.0 (2.2) | 2.8 (2.1) | 2.5 (2.1) | <.001a |
| Baseline telomere length, mean (SD), T/S units | 0.96 (0.25) | 0.93 (0.22) | 0.89 (0.19) | 0.91 (0.20) | .06 |
| Year 5 telomere length, mean (SD), T/S units | 0.83 (0.15) | 0.83 (0.13) | 0.82 (0.15) | 0.86 (0.15) | .16 |
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ANOVA, analysis of variance; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MET, metabolic equivalent task; T/S, telomere-to-single-copy gene ratio.
SI conversions: To convert HDL-C and LDL-C to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259; to convert triglycerides to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0113.
a
Significance test by 1-way ANOVA after natural log transformation.