FIGURE 1. Pathway of de novo glycerolipid synthesis.
GPAT isoforms located in mitochondria (GPAT1) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (GPAT3) catalyze the initial step in the synthesis of TAG. Acyl-CoA use for β-oxidation or TAG synthesis is regulated reciprocally by carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) and GPAT1. LPA, phosphatidic acid (PA), and DAG, TAG, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and fatty acid (FA) were used.