Table 7.
Estimation results of the GMM and HNB models.
| Variable |
[1] |
[2] |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Public outpatient visits: GMM |
Private outpatient visits: HNB |
|||||
|
1st part: Logit |
2nd part: NB |
|||||
| Coef.a | (se) b | Coef.a | (se) b | Coef.a | (se)b | |
| Askes insurance | 0.631‡ | (0.154) | −0.017 | (0.135) | −0.298 | (0.219) |
| Private insurance | 0.197 | (0.281) | 1.274‡ | (0.184) | 0.272 | (0.210) |
| Askes*income | 0.003 | (0.040) | −0.023 | (0.044) | 0.033 | (0.064) |
| Private*income | −0.145 | (0.114) | −0.319‡ | (0.107) | 0.075 | (0.153) |
| Symptoms | 0.287‡ | (0.024) | 3.174‡ | (0.717) | 16.314 | (0.000) |
| Score ADLs | 0.098‡ | (0.021) | 0.345‡ | (0.079) | 0.077 | (0.100) |
| GHS very goodR | ||||||
| GHS is good | 0.050† | (0.021) | 0.414‡ | (0.149) | 0.471‡ | (0.174) |
| GHS is poor | 0.355‡ | (0.032) | 1.390‡ | (0.164) | 0.738‡ | (0.216) |
| Serious illness | 0.086‡ | (0.024) | 0.721‡ | (0.083) | 0.493‡ | (0.170) |
| Female | 0.118‡ | (0.015) | 0.147† | (0.074) | 0.289‡ | (0.086) |
| Household size | 0.006† | (0.003) | 0.046‡ | (0.013) | 0.029 | (0.020) |
| Married | 0.055† | (0.022) | −0.286‡ | (0.102) | −0.117 | (0.155) |
| No−schoolingR | ||||||
| Elementary | −0.019 | (0.024) | 0.362† | (0.142) | 0.357† | (0.160) |
| Junior | −0.091‡ | (0.033) | 0.455‡ | (0.169) | 0.117 | (0.186) |
| Senior | −0.083* | (0.046) | 0.505‡ | (0.164) | −0.246 | (0.193) |
| High | −0.262‡ | (0.056) | 0.756‡ | (0.185) | 0.175 | (0.234) |
| Age (years) | −0.001 | (0.001) | 0.003 | (0.004) | −0.001 | (0.004) |
| Ln income | 0.031‡ | (0.012) | 0.383‡ | (0.051) | −0.034 | (0.062) |
| Electricity | 0.106‡ | (0.022) | 1.003‡ | (0.198) | 0.107 | (0.263) |
| TravCost(ln) | 0.002 | (0.001) | 0.015† | (0.007) | −0.004 | (0.007) |
| TravTime (ln) | 0.009† | (0.004) | 0.029* | (0.018) | 0.065† | (0.026) |
| Urban | −0.109‡ | (0.021) | 0.228‡ | (0.083) | 0.276† | (0.112) |
| Jakarta RegionR | ||||||
| Sumatra | 0.027 | (0.034) | −0.327† | (0.127) | 0.077 | (0.204) |
| West Java | −0.047 | (0.034) | −0.112 | (0.116) | 0.302† | (0.132) |
| Central Java | −0.034 | (0.032) | 0.089 | (0.122) | 0.141 | (0.152) |
| East Java | 0.052 | (0.037) | 0.509‡ | (0.135) | 0.554‡ | (0.157) |
| Bali & WNT | 0.076† | (0.036) | 0.150 | (0.143) | 0.015 | (0.170) |
| Kalimantan | 0.136† | (0.054) | −1.080‡ | (0.257) | 0.360 | (0.425) |
| Sulawesi | 0.042 | (0.042) | −0.648‡ | (0.242) | 0.092 | (0.289) |
| Constant | −0.730‡ | (0.129) | −12.743‡ | (1.002) | −17.923‡ | (1.097) |
| Number observations | 13639 | 13639 | 1066 | |||
a
The estimated parameters; superscript ‡,†, and * indicate significance at 1%, 5%, and 10% level, respectively;
b
Robust standard errors in (parentheses);
R
is the reference group.