Table 1.
Socioeconomic classes and environmental health inequality.
| Environmental Variable | SES Quintile | Mean | Coef. | Std. Err. | p-value | 95%CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total waste generated (kg) | Poorest | 2,970 | 5,170 | 2,742 | 0.064 | −307 | 10,647 |
| Lower Middle Class | 8,140 | 9,156 | 2,787 | 0.002 | 3,588 | 14,723 | |
| Middle Class | 12,126 | 13,748 | 2,787 | 0.000 | 8,180 | 19,315 | |
| Upper Middle Class | 16,718 | 8,439 | 2,838 | 0.004 | 2,769 | 14,108 | |
| Richest | 11,409 | − | − | − | - - | ||
| Per cap waste generation (kg/person/day) | Poorest | 0.340 | 0.067 | 0.040 | 0.103 | −0.014 | 0.147 |
| Lower Middle Class | 0.407 | 0.139 | 0.041 | 0.001 | 0.057 | 0.220 | |
| Middle Class | 0.478 | 0.104 | 0.041 | 0.014 | 0.022 | 0.186 | |
| Upper Middle Class | 0.444 | 0.110 | 0.042 | 0.010 | 0.027 | 0.194 | |
| Richest | 0.450 | - | - | - | - - | ||
| Proportion of waste collected (%) | Poorest | 0.073 | −0.111 | 0.044 | 0.403 | −0.057 | 0.139 |
| Lower Middle Class | 0.069 | −0.217 | 0.045 | 0.044 | 0.003 | 0.201 | |
| Middle Class | 0.089 | −0.238 | 0.045 | 0.016 | 0.023 | 0.222 | |
| Upper Middle Class | 0.195 | −0.233 | 0.046 | 0.023 | 0.017 | 0.219 | |
| Richest | 0.306 | - | - | - | - - | ||
| Proportion of waste uncollected (waste deposition) (%) | Poorest | 0.427 | 0.041 | 0.049 | 0.015 | −0.110 | −0.023 |
| Lower Middle Class | 0.432 | 0.102 | 0.041 | 0.000 | −0.308 | −0.127 | |
| Middle Class | 0.411 | 0.123 | 0.050 | 0.000 | −0.328 | −0.148 | |
| Upper Middle Class | 0.350 | 0.118 | 0.051 | 0.000 | −0.325 | −0.142 | |
| Richest | 0.309 | - | - | - | - - | ||
| Proportion households using sewer disposal (%) | Poorest | 0.047 | −0.193 | 0.039 | 0.000 | −0.271 | −0.115 |
| Lower Middle Class | 0.041 | −0.227 | 0.040 | 0.000 | −0.307 | −0.148 | |
| Middle Class | 0.067 | −0.253 | 0.040 | 0.000 | −0.333 | −0.174 | |
| Upper Middle Class | 0.101 | −0.246 | 0.041 | 0.000 | −0.327 | −0.166 | |
| Richest | 0.294 | - | - | - | - - | ||
| Proportion of households using non-sewer disposal (%) | Poorest | 0.453 | 0.099 | 0.036 | 0.008 | 0.027 | 0.171 |
| Lower Middle Class | 0.459 | 0.112 | 0.037 | 0.003 | 0.038 | 0.185 | |
| Middle Class | 0.433 | 0.137 | 0.037 | 0.000 | 0.064 | 0.211 | |
| Upper Middle Class | 0.421 | 0.131 | 0.038 | 0.001 | 0.056 | 0.206 | |
| Richest | 0.322 | - | - | - | - - | ||
| Proportion of households using pit latrine services (%) | Poorest | 0.032 | −0.008 | 0.011 | 0.454 | −0.029 | 0.013 |
| Lower Middle Class | 0.024 | −0.012 | 0.011 | 0.273 | −0.033 | 0.010 | |
| Middle Class | 0.020 | 0.013 | 0.011 | 0.231 | −0.008 | 0.034 | |
| Upper Middle Class | 0.045 | −0.001 | 0.011 | 0.950 | −0.022 | 0.021 | |
| Richest | 0.031 | - | - | - | - - | ||
| Proportion of household using bucket/pan latrine services (%) | Poorest | 0.043 | 0.010 | 0.018 | 0.573 | −0.025 | 0.045 |
| Lower Middle Class | 0.053 | 0.020 | 0.018 | 0.278 | −0.016 | 0.055 | |
| Middle Class | 0.063 | 0.028 | 0.018 | 0.127 | −0.008 | 0.063 | |
| Upper Middle Class | 0.071 | 0.001 | 0.018 | 0.949 | −0.035 | 0.038 | |
| Richest | 0.044 | - | - | - | - - | ||
| Proportion of households using facility in different house (%) | Poorest | 0.071 | −0.021 | 0.009 | 0.021 | −0.039 | −0.003 |
| Lower Middle Class | 0.050 | −0.028 | 0.009 | 0.003 | −0.046 | −0.010 | |
| Middle Class | 0.043 | −0.025 | 0.009 | 0.007 | −0.043 | −0.007 | |
| Upper Middle Class | 0.046 | −0.026 | 0.009 | 0.005 | −0.045 | −0.008 | |
| Richest | 0.044 | - | - | - | - - | ||
| Proportion of households using public toilet services (%) | Poorest | 0.206 | 0.101 | 0.040 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.180 |
| Lower Middle Class | 0.149 | 0.133 | 0.040 | 0.002 | 0.052 | 0.213 | |
| Middle Class | 0.186 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.020 | 0.015 | 0.176 | |
| Upper Middle Class | 0.155 | 0.152 | 0.134 | 0.000 | 0.071 | 0.234 | |
| Richest | 0.054 | - | - | - | - - | ||