FIG. 3.

Mechanisms of disulfide bond formation and reduction. (A) Schematic of the intermediates formed during the transfer of disulfide bonds from an oxidoreductase to a substrate protein, as well as the mechanism for correcting off-pathway intermediates. (B) The pathway of disulfide bond transfer from Erol to PDI to a substrate and the flow of electrons to oxygen. This results in the production of one molecule of ROS per disulfide bond formed. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertonline.com/ars).