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. 2010 Feb 2;5:37–49.

Table 1.

The most popular cross-linker reagents for coupling protein to nanoparticle based on their respective functions

Reactive groups Eg of functional cross-linker Functional groups on nanoparticles/proteins Functional groups on proteins/nanoparticles
–NHS ester Maleimide or Iodoacetamides SIAB, SMCC, SPDP, SPMB, MBS –NH2 –SH
Carbodiimide EDC or EDAC + sulfo-NHS stabilizer –COOH –NH2
–NHS ester EGS, DSP, DSS, BS3 –NH2 –NH2
Maleimide BMME –SH –SH

Abbreviations: SIAB, N-succinimidyl(4-iodoacetyl)aminobenzoate; SMCC, succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexana-1-carboxylate; MBS, m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccimide ester; SPDP, succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate; SPMB, succinimidyl (4-p-maleimidophenyl)butyrate; EDC, 1-Ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide hydrochloride; EGS, ethylene glycolbis(succinimidylsuccinate); BS3, bis-(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate; BMME, bis(maleimido methyl) ether; DSS, disuccinimidyl suberate; DSP, dithiobis (succinimidyl propionate).