Table 1.
Symptoms |
Growth retardation, delayed puberty, erectile dysfunction, diarrhea, alopecia, glossitis, nail dystrophy, hypogonadism (in males), decreased immunity1,2 |
Associated diseases |
Crohn disease, celiac disease, chronic alcoholism, cirrhosis, sickle cell disease, acrodermatitis enteropathica |
Associated conditions |
Pregnancy, lactation, prolonged intravenous feeding, vegan diet, short bowel syndrome, history of intestinal surgery (e.g., gastric bypass) |